Hidrolisis Minyak Sawit : Katalitik dan Non Katalitik.

The effects of temperature and catalyst concentration on reaction rate of palm oil hydrolyzed with and without catalyst have been studied The catalytic and non catalytic hydrolyses were, respectively, performed in a three neck flask and an autoclave. The volumetric ratio of reactants, oil to water, was kept constant. Within the limited range of experimental conditions, the evaluated rate constant of palm oil catalytic (sulfuric acid) hydrolyzed, by assuming the system was homogeneous, was found that { 75963 _2.376c k =1.445x108 e RT ) ki with average deviation 14.3 %. The rate constant for non catalytic 4133606) was equal to k = 1.3 lx1013e RT ill with average deviation 12.9 %. A suitable catalyst was needed in order to hydrolyze palm oil at lower than 513 K Sulfuric acid catalyst lowered 50 % the activation energy of non catalytic hydrolysis. Keywords: palm oil, hydrolysis, catalytic, non catalyti

Size-controlled conformal nanofabrication of biotemplated three-dimensional TiO2 and ZnO nanonetworks

Cataloged from PDF version of article.A solvent-free fabrication of TiO2 and ZnO nanonetworks is demonstrated by using supramolecular nanotemplates with high coating conformity, uniformity, and atomic scale size control. Deposition of TiO2 and ZnO on three-dimensional nanofibrous network template is accomplished. Ultrafine control over nanotube diameter allows robust and systematic evaluation of the electrochemical properties of TiO2 and ZnO nanonetworks in terms of size-function relationship. We observe hypsochromic shift in UV absorbance maxima correlated with decrease in wall thickness of the nanotubes. Photocatalytic activities of anatase TiO2 and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanonetworks are found to be dependent on both the wall thickness and total surface area per unit of mass. Wall thickness has effect on photoexcitation properties of both TiO2 and ZnO due to band gap energies and total surface area per unit of mass. The present work is a successful example that concentrates on nanofabrication of intact three-dimensional semiconductor nanonetworks with controlled band gap energies

Reporte de 4 casos de inversión de cromosoma 9 en una muestra de 4755 líquidos amnióticos en una población Venezolana

La inversión del cromosoma 9, inv (9), es una reordenación cromosómica relativamente común y generalmente se considera como una variante normal. No obstante, varios estudios han sugerido una posible asociación con Síndrome metabólico, obesidad, galactosemia, diabetes Mellitus y aborto espontáneo recurrente. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir cuatro casos con la misma inversión cromosómica 9, inv (9) (p12; q12), y compararlo con lo que ha sido expuesto en la literatura. Se realizaron una serie de casos retrospectivos. Se evaluó una gran base de datos de informes de amniocentesis realizados en el centro Policlínica Metropolitana de Caracas entre 2005 y 2016. Como parte del protocolo del centro, todas las muestras de líquido amniótico recuperadas se centrifugaron a 800 rpm. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis de 20 bandas en metafase G para el cariotipo. Se recuperaron todos los cariotipos que informaron inv (9) (p12; q12). De 4755 informes de amniocentesis, se identificaron un total de 4 casos de inv (9) (p12; q12) pericéntrico . Según la literatura, este tipo de reordenamiento se ha asociado a algunas enfermedades metabólicas. Este hallazgo está respaldado por el hecho de que esta región cromosómica contiene el factor 1 promotor de insulina y el factor iniciador para la alfa quinasa 3 del factor de iniciación de traducción eucariótico, ambos implicados en la diabetes transitoria. Existe escasa literatura sobre este tipo de inversión, y se necesitan más estudios para un análisis de correlación adecuado. Los resultados de esta breve serie y los hallazgos de la literatura respaldan la importancia de los primeros estudios de cariotipo para identificar posibles asociaciones

Multi-Particle Collision Dynamics -- a Particle-Based Mesoscale Simulation Approach to the Hydrodynamics of Complex Fluids

In this review, we describe and analyze a mesoscale simulation method for fluid flow, which was introduced by Malevanets and Kapral in 1999, and is now called multi-particle collision dynamics (MPC) or stochastic rotation dynamics (SRD). The method consists of alternating streaming and collision steps in an ensemble of point particles. The multi-particle collisions are performed by grouping particles in collision cells, and mass, momentum, and energy are locally conserved. This simulation technique captures both full hydrodynamic interactions and thermal fluctuations. The first part of the review begins with a description of several widely used MPC algorithms and then discusses important features of the original SRD algorithm and frequently used variations. Two complementary approaches for deriving the hydrodynamic equations and evaluating the transport coefficients are reviewed. It is then shown how MPC algorithms can be generalized to model non-ideal fluids, and binary mixtures with a consolute point. The importance of angular-momentum conservation for systems like phase-separated liquids with different viscosities is discussed. The second part of the review describes a number of recent applications of MPC algorithms to study colloid and polymer dynamics, the behavior of vesicles and cells in hydrodynamic flows, and the dynamics of viscoelastic fluids

Towards a three-dimensional microfluidic liver platform for predicting drug efficacy and toxicity in humans

Although the process of drug development requires efficacy and toxicity testing in animals prior to human testing, animal models have limited ability to accurately predict human responses to xenobiotics and other insults. Societal pressures are also focusing on reduction of and, ultimately, replacement of animal testing. However, a variety of in vitro models, explored over the last decade, have not been powerful enough to replace animal models. New initiatives sponsored by several US federal agencies seek to address this problem by funding the development of physiologically relevant human organ models on microscopic chips. The eventual goal is to simulate a human-on-a-chip, by interconnecting the organ models, thereby replacing animal testing in drug discovery and development. As part of this initiative, we aim to build a three-dimensional human liver chip that mimics the acinus, the smallest functional unit of the liver, including its oxygen gradient. Our liver-on-a-chip platform will deliver a microfluidic three-dimensional co-culture environment with stable synthetic and enzymatic function for at least 4 weeks. Sentinel cells that contain fluorescent biosensors will be integrated into the chip to provide multiplexed, real-time readouts of key liver functions and pathology. We are also developing a database to manage experimental data and harness external information to interpret the multimodal data and create a predictive platform. © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd

The role of space in the security and defence policy of Turkey. A change in outlook: Security in space versus security from space

Space and security domains are strongly related with each other. Nowadays, space is an indispensable part of security and defence policy, and it is increasingly becoming a critical infrastructure for strategic Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. However, space is vulnerable itself to the new space threats. This study reviews the current and near future space role in Turkey's security and defence policy and aims to address the threats against space based capabilities. To provide security from space, space based systems shall themselves need to be secure in space to warrant the security. The concept of security from space starts with space security, in other words the security in space. This paper also highlights the emerging technological opportunities for these space threats to be secure in space in order to provide the security from space. According to the relevant taxonomy, a categorized opportunity proposal for more robust and resilient space/satellite projects' architecture is proposed for Turkey