Aliciana centenaria, una nueva especie de Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) de Chile

Se describe una nueva especie de Oecophoridae, Aliciana centenaria sp. nov., a partir de especímenes recolectados entre las provincias de Limarí y Colchagua, Chile. Se entregan caracteres diagnósticos para la especie, fotografías e ilustraciones de las estructuras genitales del macho y de la hembra

Nagehana minuscula, nueva especie de Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) del Parque Nacional La Campana, Chile

Se describe una nueva especie del género Nagehana Özdikmen, N. minuscula sp. nov., proveniente del Parque Nacional La Campana, en la zona central de Chile. Se proveen caracteres diagnósticos e ilustraciones de la nueva especie y una clave para la identificación de las especies de este género

Redescripción y registros geográficos de Teresita diffinis (Felder & Rogenhofer) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

The morphological description of Teresita diffinis (Felder & Rogenhofer) is updated. Photographs of adult and genital structures, wing venation, and geographic distribution data for this species are given.Se actualiza la descripción morfológica de Teresita diffinis (Felder & Rogenhofer). Se entregan fotografías del adulto y de las estructuras genitales, la venación alar, y antecedentes de la distribución geográfica de esta especie

\u3ci\u3eEraina chelifera\u3c/i\u3e, nueva especie chilena de la familia Autostichidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)

Se describe una nueva especie del género Eraina Clarke, 1978 (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae), Eraina chelifera nov. sp., a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la zona central de Chile. Se presentan caracteres de diagnóstico para la especie, fotografías del adulto e ilustraciones de las estructuras genitales del macho y la hembra. A new species of the genus Eraina Clarke, 1978 (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae), Eraina chelifera nov. sp., is described from specimens collected in central Chile. Diagnostic characters for the species are presented; photographs of the adult and illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided

Pudahuelia luisi, una nueva especie de Autostichidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) de Chile central

Se describe una nueva especie del género Pudahuelia Urra, proveniente de la zona central de Chile. Se presentan caracteres de diagnóstico para la nueva especie, y se proveen fotografías del adulto e ilustraciones de las estructuras genitales

Una nueva especie de \u3ci\u3eEraina\u3c/i\u3e Clarke (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) de Chile Central

Se describe una nueva especie de Autostichidae, Eraina beechei nov. sp., a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la precordillera andina de la Provincia de Ñuble, Región del Biobío. Se presentan caracteres de diagnóstico para la especie; se entregan fotografías del adulto, ilustraciones de las estructuras genitales del macho y de la hembra, y una clave para la determinación de las especies del género Eraina

Corita attenboroughi sp. nov., nueva especie de Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) de Chile central

A new species of Oecophoridae is described from central Chile. This species is assigned to genus Corita Clarke, 1978, based on antenna and labial palpus form, wing venation, abdominal vestiture and genitalia of male and female. Diagnostic characters are given for Corita attenboroughi sp. nov., photographs of adult and illustrations of wing venation and genital structures are provided.Se describe una nueva especie de Oecophoridae de Chile central, la que es asignada al género Corita Clarke, 1978, basándose en la forma de la antena y el palpo labial, la venación alar, la vestidura del abdomen y la genitalia del macho y de la hembra. Se señalan caracteres de diagnóstico para Corita attenboroughi sp. nov., se entregan fotografías del adulto e ilustraciones de la venación alar y las estructuras genitales

Redescripción de Gonionota mimulina (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae)

Morphological description of Gonionota mimulina (Butler) is updated. Diagnostic characters, photographs of adult, illustrations of wing venation and male and female genitalia are provided.Se actualiza la descripción morfológica de Gonionota mimulina (Butler). Se entregan caracteres diagnósticos, fotografías del adulto e ilustraciones de la venación alar y de las estructuras genitales del macho y de la hembra

Redescripción y nuevos registros geográficos de Doina edmondsii (Butler, 1883) (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae)

This study provides an updated morphological description of Doina edmondsii (Butler, 1883) based on specimens collected in central Chile and photographs of its type specimen. The genital structures of the male and the female are described and illustrated for the first time. Also, new geographic records are given for the species.Este estudio entrega una descripción morfológica actualizada de Doina edmondsii (Butler, 1883) basada en ejemplares recolectados en la zona central de Chile y fotografías del material tipo. Se describen e ilustran por primera vez las estructuras genitales del macho y de la hembra, y se aportan nuevos registros geográficos para la especie

Giant Synapse in Thalamic Relay Cells

The thalamus processes and relays sensory information from the periphery to the cortex and from the cortex to other areas of the cortex. A trisynaptic pathway connects the whiskers with the somatosensory cortex. The principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Pr5) in the brainstem receives sensory information from the whiskers and sends them to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM), which in turn projects to the somatosensory cortex. The synaptic transmission between Pr5 and relay cells of the VPM is mediated by giant synapses, however, this transmission is poorly characterized. In this study we labeled trigeminothalamic (Pr5-VPM) giant terminals by stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated virus particles (AAV) encoding synaptophysin-EGFP into the Pr5 nucleus of rats. Pr5-VPM giant terminals were identified in the VPM and directly stimulated with a double-barrel electrode after establishing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from the postsynaptic relay neuron. This allowed us to study synaptic transmission in identified Pr5-VPM giant synapses for the first time . We found that stimulation of single terminals generates large postsynaptic responses, with a low probability of release, short-term depression and a fast recovery after a train of stimuli. Moreover, a single synaptic input shows a synaptic transfer function capable of generating a voltage-dependent postsynaptic spike response. Different currents modulate the spike response of relay cells. IA correspond to fast outward potassium currents generated by Kv1, Kv3 and/or Kv4 potassium channel subunits. We showed that IA currents in VPM relay cells are in part generated by Kv4.3 channels. Blockade of Kv4.3 channels decreased the amplitude response of relay cells to stimulation of Pr5-VPM synapses. In silico models can be used to explore the firing mechanisms of relay cells. We generated a model that considers the morphology of relay cells, the input location of large terminals and the electrophysiological information of Pr5-VPM synapses. The in silico model predicts stimulation of more than one terminal changes the spike response of the relay cell, increasing the number of spikes. The model also predicts the effects of decreasing IA or IT, the low threshold calcium current, in the relay cell response. Layer 5B (L5B) pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex connect via relay neurons from the posteromedial nucleus (POm) to neurons of higher order somatosensory cortex. The synaptic transmission between L5B pyramidal neurons and POm relay cells is mediated by L5B-POm synapses. To place the properties of this synapse in the context of behavioral abilities developing during the first two months of postnatal life, it is required to know the synaptic maturation changes. We used the same approach as for the Pr5-VPM synapses project but we injected the AVV particles in the L5B and we recorded the responses in POm relay cells from mice at different ages. The frequency of spontaneous activity decreased over time, however, L5B-POm synapses did not show differences in EPSC evoked responses. Nevertheless, stimulation of single large terminals could generate spike responses in animals older than 4 to 5 weeks old. We described the properties of first order (Pr5-VPM) and higher order (L5B-POm) driver synapses involved in the whisker system of rodents. Stimulation of both synapses generated large amplitude responses and a strong depression. In addition, stimulation of single synapses in mature animals did generate spikes responses. Comparison of both giant synapses shows that both have remarkably similar properties, suggesting that both synaptic circuits, despite their different functions, employ similar information processing strategies. Sensory information reaches the cortex by the thalamus. The thalamus does not just work as the major relay center to the cortex, but it also processes the sensory information to be sent to the cortex depending on the level of attention of the organism. This work shows that the relay function of first order and higher order nuclei appears at the level of single synapses. In addition, the information processing function of the thalamus is also seen in a voltage-dependent transfer function of single synapses. The main task of the thalamus, to process and relay information, appears at the level of single relay cell synapses