Educational Leadership Practices that Sustains School Improvement in selected Secondary Schools in Tanzania

This paper explores educational leadership practices that can sustain school improvement in selected Secondary Schools Tanzanian. This study employed a qualitative research approach in collecting and analyzing data. The paper is focused on understanding the ability of school heads to set direction, foster professional development and restructuring the school organisation to contribute to school improvement. Data were collected through Interviews, focus group discussions, documentary review and observations. The data were later subjected to content analysis. Results indicate that in best-performing schools, leaders demonstrate ability to set direction by articulating the school vision although like in worst performing schools, the school visions were developed when schools were established thus the current leaders were not involved in their development. Leaders in best-performing schools gave teachers opportunities to attend trainings, seminars and workshops though the schools lack plans for professional development. These leaders demonstrated ability to make collective decisions, to engage school communities and instill teamwork spirit, as well as ability to delegate responsibilities with empowerment, support and trust. Such practices were rarely demonstrated by leaders in worst performing schools. It is seen that school heads needs more skills on management and leadership to enable them analyse their environment and lead schools in a positive direction for school improvement. Key words: Effective leadership, leadership practices, successful leaders, school Performance, visionary leaders. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-15-14 Publication date:May 31st 202

Three-dimensional microfabrication through a multimode optical fiber

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is an advanced manufacturing technique that allows the fabrication of arbitrary macroscopic and microscopic objects. All 3D printing systems require large optical elements or nozzles in proximity to the built structure. This prevents their use in applications in which there is no direct access to the area where the objects have to be printed. Here, we demonstrate three-dimensional microfabrication based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) with sub diffraction-limited resolution through an ultra-thin, 50 mm long printing nozzle of 560 micrometers in diameter. Using wavefront shaping, femtosecond infrared pulses are focused and scanned through a multimode optical fiber (MMF) inside a photoresist that polymerizes via two-photon absorption. We show the construction of arbitrary 3D structures of 500 nm resolution on the other side of the fiber. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of microfabrication through a multimode optical fiber. Our work represents a new area which we refer to as endofabrication

Las peculiaridades del régimen sindical de la policía local

Análisis del Régimen Sindical de la Policía Local, identificando sus peculiaridades y problemática más importantes, teniendo en consideración para ello el estudio de la figura del policía local, como funcionario policial y el análisis de su especial régimen estatutario

Assessing the Need for SACCOs Participation in Higher Education Financing in Tanzania: A case of Morogoro Teachers SACCOs

SACCOs are important in the provision of financial and banking services to low income households who for economic reasons cannot be covered by formal banks and financial institutions. The need for stakeholders such as SACCOs to support members to finance higher education of their dependants has been growing rapidly as public budgets cannot adequately fund higher education. The general objective of the study was to assess the need for Morogoro Teachers‟ SACCOs to participate in higher education financing for its members and their dependants. Case study research design was utilized in the methodology. A sample of 65 respondents was used. Data were collected using interview, questionnaires and analysed descriptively by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer software. The findings indicate that SACCOs are financial intermediation and investment for the needy whereby 75% of respondents argued that the interest charged from members‟ loans boost SACCOs funds. Likewise, 85% of respondents reported the enhancing earnings and profitability of SACCOs to enable the generation of a return on its resources while 90% of respondents argued for prompt repayment of loans from members in order to enable higher education financing of members‟ dependants. Therefore, the financial status shown by Morogoro Teachers‟ SACCOs need to be maintained through the enhancement of good flow of deposits, savings and repayment arrangements to enable the SACCOs serve its members. There is a need to revise Morogoro Teachers‟ SACCOs lending policy to support higher education learning both its members and dependants while having a caption left to support the education fund

Caracterização citogenética clássica e molecular de trigos brasileiros.

Editores técnicos: Joseani Mesquita Antunes, Ana Lídia Variani Bonato, Márcia Barrocas Moreira Pimentel

Teacher Perspectives Regarding Low Teacher Retention in Rural Primary Schools in Tanzania

Tanzania, similar to other nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, has been experiencing a severe teacher shortage. The problem that was addressed is that factors influencing rural primary school teachers’ decision to continue teaching in Northeast Tanzania are unknown. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to investigate teachers’ perceptions on teaching in rural primary schools in Northeast Tanzania and the reasons why they remain. This study was guided by self-efficacy theory, a subset of Bandura\u27s social cognitive theory. This descriptive qualitative study explored how rural primary school teachers in northeast Tanzania describe the challenges that cause them to consider abandoning their professions, the influences that cause them to remain, and the role that teacher self-efficacy plays in influencing the retention of those teachers. Eleven teachers who taught in rural primary schools in Northeast Tanzania were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. Four themes were identified in the data using thematic analysis and inductive coding that included (a) overcrowded classrooms cause heavy workloads, (b) student absenteeism and a shortage of school supplies, (c) the importance of seeing students succeed, and (d) the importance of internal rewards. This study may facilitate positive social change by informing policymakers about a teacher retention model that may be utilized as a guide for teacher retention in rural primary schools. The findings indicate that retention could be improved by providing teachers with the necessary support, incentives, and resources to assist them to fulfill their obligations

Inflazio kosmologikoa. Inflazioaren teoria eta fluktuazio kuantikoak honen garapenean

[EUS] Historian zehar gizakiak zeruaren misterioekiko miresmen berezi bat izan du. Antzinako greziarrekzeru-esferabatean zeudela izarrak uste zuten. Bertan, objektu batzuek higidura berezia jarraitzen zutela ikusirik, haueiplanetadeitu zieten. Hauen orbitak, teoria antropozentriko baten bidez deskribatuak izatetik heliozentrikoizatera pasa ziren. Puntu horretan, Newtonen mekanikak berebiziko arrakasta izan zuen. Teoria matemati-ko honek benetako iragarpenak egiteko aukera eman baitzuen. Are gehiago, XX. mendera arte elkarrekintzagrabitatorioaren deskribapen zehatzena ematen zuen mekanika newtondarrak. Hala ere, teoria oso balia-garria izan arren, hau ez zen nahikoa unibertsoaren sorrera eta eboluzioa bezalako kontzeptu orokorragoeiaz alpena emateko.Behar hauek asetzeko tresnak emango zituen Einstein-ek aurreko mendeko hamargarrenhamarkadan, Erlatibitate Orokorraren teoria formulatuz