Archean continental crust formed by magma hybridization and voluminous partial melting

Archean (4.0–2.5 Ga) tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) terranes represent fragments of Earth’s first continents that formed via high-grade metamorphism and partial melting of hydrated basaltic crust. While a range of geodynamic regimes can explain the production of TTG magmas, the processes by which they separated from their source and acquired distinctive geochemical signatures remain uncertain. This limits our understanding of how the continental crust internally differentiates, which in turn controls its potential for long-term stabilization as cratonic nuclei. Here, we show via petrological modeling that hydrous Archean mafic crust metamorphosed in a non-plate tectonic regime produces individual pulses of magma with major-, minor-, and trace-element signatures resembling—but not always matching—natural Archean TTGs. Critically, magma hybridization due to co-mingling and accumulation of multiple melt fractions during ascent through the overlying crust eliminates geochemical discrepancies identified when assuming that TTGs formed via crystallization of discrete melt pulses. We posit that much Archean continental crust is made of hybrid magmas that represent up to ~ 40 vol% of partial melts produced along thermal gradients of 50–100 °C/kbar, characteristic of overthickened mafic Archean crust at the head of a mantle plume, crustal overturns, or lithospheric peels

Demand response program implementation methodology: A Colombian study case

The industrialization and urbanization are responsible for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and could generate energy shortage problems. The application of Demand Response (DR) programs enables the user to be empowered towards a conscious consumption of energy, allowing the reduction or displacement of the demand for electrical energy, contributing to the sustainable development of the sector and the operational efficiency of the electrical system, among others. A reference framework for this type of program is detailed along with a literature survey applied to the Colombian case. The considerations on the design of a methodology to the implementation of the DR pilot, considering if the pilot is in an interconnected system zone or non-interconnected system zone and the application of the design methodology in the modeling of three DR pilots in Colombia is presented. For the modeling of the pilots, the characteristics of the area and the base consumption of the users are considered, and the characteristics and assumptions of the pilot are also defined. Furthermore, the DR pilot in each zone considering four types of users is detailed. The results show the potential for energy reduction and displacement in different time bands for each zone, which allows determining the assessment of the benefits from a technical, financial, and environmental point of view, and the costs of each pilot in monetary terms, it not to compare the pilots with each other, but to illustrate the values that must be taken into account in those analyses. The sensitivity analysis of each pilot was also carried out, considering the variation of the benefit/cost relationship with the energy rate in peak hours vs. off-peak hours and the base energy rate in the area. The sensitivity analysis shows that, when varying the level of energy demand response and the number of pilot participants, the values are presented when the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1. In addition, the paper provides specific recommendations related to the design of a methodology and the implementation in a pilot DR using simulation

On the occurrence of amphibolite-facies sapphirine, spinel, phlogopite, anorthite, and corundum in the Wet Mountains, Colorado, USA

The Wet Mountains, southern Colorado, expose Mesoproterozoic metamorphic and magmatic rocks that record the early deformational history of the west–central continental USA and growth of Laurentia. Of particular petrological interest are halogen-enriched metamorphic rocks adjacent to the San Isabel A-type granite, situated in the southern Wet Mountains, which contain sapphirine, spinel, phlogopite, anorthite, and corundum. Conventional thermobarometry and phase diagram-based thermodynamic modeling indicates peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of metamorphism within the upper amphibolite facies (∼750–770 °C) at middle-crustal pressures (∼6–7 kbar), and in-situ U-Pb geochronology of monazite constrains peak metamorphism to c. 1340–1320 Ma. These sapphirine-hornfels units are younger than metamorphic lithologies elsewhere in the southern Wet Mountains (c. 1430 Ma), but only slightly post-date the timing of intrusion of the granite itself (1362 ± 7 Ma). These rocks are thus interpreted to be of contact metamorphic origin, with high F contents in mica and amphibole interpreted to record metasomatism in the middle crust by halogen-rich fluids expelled by the San Isabel granite. However, as the temperature of emplacement and crystallization of the granite likely did not greatly exceed 800–850 °C, these rocks document an unusual occurrence of normally granulite-facies and (ultra)high-temperature metamorphic minerals stabilizing at lower grade. Thus, caution must be used when using such parageneses as field indicators of geodynamic settings associated with extreme heat flow, such as continental rifting and/or voluminous emplacement of dry, mafic magma

evaluation of cooking and roasting applied to grains of pigeon pea (Cajanus sp) and vitabosa (Mucuna sp) on metabolizable energy in broilers.

Introducción: El Cajanus sp y la Mucuna sp son leguminosas usadas en la alimentación humana y animal, como cultivo de cobertura, abono y como plantas medicinales. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la cocción y el tostado aplicados a granos crudos de Cajanus sp y Mucuna sp. Métodos: Se agregaron granos de Cajanus sp y Mucuna sp con dos niveles de inclusión (10% y 20%) a dietas de referencia (DR) de maíz y torta de soya. Se medió la energía metabolizable aparente con corrección por balance de nitrógeno (EMAn) en pollos de la línea Ross 308 con 21 días de edad, mediante la técnica de sustitución del núcleo energético de la DR y recolección total de excretas. Resultados: El grano crudo deCajanus sp presentó un valor de 2286,2 kcal de EMAn/kg de materia seca (MS) que fue inferior al grano tostado (2945,5 kcal) y al cocido (3115,9 kcal). En cuanto al efecto del nivel de inclusión, la EMAn del grano disminuyó en 601,1 kcal/kg de MS al pasar del 10% (3072,8 kcal/kg de MS) al 20% (2471,7 kcal/kg de MS). En el grano de Mucuna sp solo el nivel de inclusión en la DR afectó la EMAn. Cuando se incluyó el 10% presentó un valor de 2432,3 kcal/kg de MS y disminuyó a 1938,1 kcal con el 20%. Los valores de EMAn del grano crudo, tostado y cocido fueron de 1923,1, 2178,0 y 2387,2 kcal/kg de MS, respectivamente. Conclusiones: En este tipo de recursos alimenticios el valor de la EMAn fue diferente dependiendo del proceso térmico aplicado, pero en ambos granos dicho valor disminuyó al aumentar su nivel de inclusión en la DR.Introduction: Cajanus sp and Mucuna sp are legumes used in human and animal feed, as a cover crop, fertilizer and as medicinal plants. Aim: To evaluate the effect of cooking and roasting applied to raw grains ofCajanus sp and Mucuna sp. Methods: Cajanus sp and Mucuna sp grains with two levels of inclusion (10% and 20%) were added to reference diets (RD) of corn and soy cake. Apparent metabolizable energy was measured with nitrogen balance correction (EMAn) in Ross 308 line chickens with 21 days of age, by the technique of replacing the energy core of the RD and total collection of excreta. Results: The raw grain ofCajanus sp presented a value of 2286.2 kcal of EMAn/kg of dry matter (DM) that was lower than roasted grain (2945.5 kcal) and cooked grain (3115.9 kcal). Regarding the effect of the level of inclusion, the EMAn of the grain decreased by 601.1 kcal/kg of DM from 10% (3072.8 kcal / kg of DM) to 20% (2471.7 kcal/kg of DM). In theMucuna sp bean only the level of inclusion in the RD affected the EMAn. When 10% of this grain was included, it presented a value of 2432.3 kcal/kg DM and decreased to 1938.1 kcal with 20%. The EMAn values of raw, roasted and cooked grain were 1923.1, 2178.0 and 2387.2 kcal / kg DM, respectively. Conclusions: In this type of food resources the value of the EMAn was different depending on the thermal process applied to the beans, but in both grains this value decreased as its level of inclusion increased in the RD

Eterno resplandor de una mente sin recuerdos: si me dejas te suprimo.

Este artículo presenta un enfoque neuro-computacional para alterar el flujo bieléctrico cerebral usando análisis de componentes principales, zonificación espacializada y técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial (optimización) sobre las señales del encefalograma (EEG). La idea terapéutica es invertir el patrón de un recuerdo indeseado en el cerebro inmediatamente tras su aparición, a fin de anular su ocurrencia en el tiempo (olvidarlo). Preliminares pruebas sobre un usuario descritas en este texto, han mostrado la efectividad en el tratamiento de una decepción sentimental gracias a una aceleración inducida de la degeneración del recuerdo de su pasada relación

Is There a Patient Profile That Characterizes a Patient With Adult Spinal Deformity as a Candidate for Minimally Invasive Surgery?

Study designRetrospective review.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to evaluate the baseline characteristics of patients chosen to undergo traditional open versus minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for adult spinal deformity (ASD).MethodsA multicenter review of 2 databases including ASD patients treated with surgery. Inclusion criteria were age >45 years, Cobb angle minimum of 20°, and minimum 2-year follow-up. Preoperative radiographic parameters and disability outcome measures were reviewed.ResultsA total of 350 patients were identified: 173 OPEN patients and 177 MIS. OPEN patients were significantly younger than MIS patients (61.5 years vs 63.74 years, P = .013). The OPEN group had significantly more females (87% vs 76%, P = .006), but both groups had similar body mass index. Preoperative lumbar Cobb was significantly higher for the OPEN group (34.2°) than for the MIS group (26.0°, P < .001). The mean preoperative Oswestry Disability Index was significantly higher in the MIS group (44.8 in OPEN patients and 49.8 in MIS patients, P < .011). The preoperative Numerical Rating Scale value for back pain was 7.2 in the OPEN group and 6.8 in the MIS group preoperatively, P = .100.ConclusionsPatients chosen for MIS for ASD are slightly older and have smaller coronal deformities than those chosen for open techniques, but they did not have a substantially lesser degree of sagittal malalignment. MIS surgery was most frequently utilized for patients with an sagittal vertical axis under 6 cm and a baseline pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis mismatch under 30°

El redescubrimiento de Frullania weberbaueri Steph., incluyendo su primer reporte para Chile, estado de conservación y lectotipificación

We report the finding of a population of Frullania weberbaueri in Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, Antofagasta Province, Chile. This taxon was previously known only from the type specimen collected by August Weberbauer in Lima in 1901. The new gathering is fertile so we describe here its sexuality and perianths, together with the oil bodies and the habitat used by the species, and we provide a map of its known distribution. A lectotype for the name is here designated. This is the first record of a liverwort for the deserts of northern Chile, and the southernmost record for Frullania sect. Meteoriopsis.Se reporta el hallazgo de una población de Frullania weberbaueri en el Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, Provincia de Antofagasta, Chile. Este taxón se conocía previamente sólo de la colección tipo realizada por August Weberbauer en Lima en 1901. La nueva colección está fértil, por lo que se describen aquí la sexualidad y los periantos, junto con los cuerpos oleosos y el hábitat utilizado por la especie, y se provee un mapa de su distribución conocida. Se designa un lectotipo para el nombre. Este es el primer registro de una hepática para los desiertos costeros del norte de Chile, y el registro más austral para Frullania sect. Meteoriopsis