Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Venezuela

Chagas disease is an endemic zoonosis native to the Americas and is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is also highly genetically diverse, with six discrete typing units (DTUs) reported TcI – TcVI. These DTUs broadly correlate with several epidemiogical, ecological and pathological features of Chagas disease. In this manuscript we report the most comprehensive evaluation to date of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in Venezuela. The dataset includes 778 samples collected and genotyped over the last twelve years from multiple hosts and vectors, including nine wild and domestic mammalian host species, and seven species of triatomine bug, as well as from human sources. Most isolates (732) can be assigned to the TcI clade (94.1%); 24 to the TcIV group (3.1%) and 22 to TcIII (2.8%). Importantly, among the 95 isolates genotyped from human disease cases, 79% belonged to TcI - a DTU common in the Americas, however, 21% belonged to TcIV- a little known genotype previously thought to be rare in humans. Furthermore, were able to assign multiple oral Chagas diseases cases to TcI in the area around the capital, Caracas. We discuss our findings in the context of T. cruzi DTU distributions elsewhere in the Americas, and evaluate the impact they have on the future of Chagas disease control in Venezuela

APORTES A LA PARASITOGÍA (PROTOZOOLOGÍA, HELMINTOLOGÍA, ENTOMOLOGÍA, MALACOLOGÍA) PUBLICADOS EN ACTA BIOLOGICA VENEZUELICA (1951 - 2011)

Una detallada revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos publicados en Acta Biologica Venezuelica durante el período 1951-2011, permitió cuantificar y discutir los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en cada una de las áreas que comprende la Parasitología (Protozoología, Helmintología, Entomología y Malacología), acompañadas de sus referencias

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920: intracellular amastigote stages of reproduction in white mice

The method, site, and stage of multiplication of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920 has not hitherto been known. "We have now observed many intracellular nests or pseudocysts, containing amastigotes and trypomastigotes of this parasite in the heart, liver, and spleen of suckling (5.0 g) male white mice (NMRI strain) inoculated i.p. with 9 x 10(4) metatrypomastigotes/g body weight from a 12-day-old culture of the "Dog-82" strain of T. rangeli. At the peak of parasitemia (1.9 x 10(6) trypomastigotes/ml blood, 3 days post-inoculation) various tissues were taken for sectioning and staining. The heart was most intensely parasitized. The amastigotes were rounded or ellipsoidal, with a rounded nucleus and the kinetoplast in the form of a straight or curved bar; the average maximum diameter of 50 measured amastigotes was 4.2 p. Binary fission was seen in the nucleus and kinetoplast of some amastigotes; no blood trypomastigotes were seen in division. The above characteristics, as well as the location of the pseudocysts in the tissues, are similar to T. cruzi. Comparison of these results with those reported for other Herpetosoma suggest study of the taxonomic position of T. rangeli.El método, sitio y estadio de multiplicación de Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920 no había sido determinado hasta ahora. Nosotros hemos observado numerosos nidos o pseudoquistes intracelulares que contienen amastigotes y tripomastigotes de este parásito en el corazón, hígado y bazo de ratones albinos machos de 5,0 g de peso (cepa NMRI) inoculados por vía i.p. con 9,0 x 10(4) metatripomastigotes/g de repique de 12 días en medio LIT, cepa "Perro-82". En el pico de la parasitemia (1,9 x 10(6) tripomastigotes/ml de sangre, 3 días post-inoculación) fueron retirados varios órganos para seccionar y teñir con hematoxilina-eosina. El corazón fue el órgano mas intensamente parasitado. Los amastigotes son redondeados y ovalados, con núcleo redondeado y kinetoplasto en forma de barra recta o curva; el promedio del diámetro máximo de 50 amastigotes medidos fue de 4,2 m. Fue observada fisión binaria en el núcleo y kinetoplasto de algunos amastigotes; no fue vista división en los tripomastigotes sanguícolas. Las características anteriores, así como también la localización de los pseudoquistes en los tejidos, son similares a T. cruzi. La comparación de estos resultados con los reportados para otros Herpetosoma sugiere el estudio de la posición taxonómica de T. rangeli

TRYPANOSOMA (HERPETOSOMA) RANGELI TEJERA, 1920: REVISIÓN BREVE DE LOS APORTES DEL LABORATORIO DE PARASITOLOGÍA DEL INSTITUTO DE ZOOLOGÍA TROPICAL, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, U.C.V.

Revisión sin Resumen

Synanthropic rodent reservoirs of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi in the valley of Caracas, Venezuela

Direct blood examination and xenodiagnosis of 47 synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Mus musculus) captured in the valley of Caracas, Venezuela, revealed trypanosomal infections in 12 R. rattus, 10 with T. lewisi and 2 with T. cruzi. Of the latter the course of parasitemia, the pleomorphism of the bloodstream trypomastigotes, tissue tropism in naturally and experimentally infected rats and mice, host mortality, morphology of fecal parasites in Rhodnius prolixus used for xenodiagnosis, and infectivity of the bug feces for NMRI mice, were all characteristic of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. One rat, with a patent parasitemia, had numerous nests of amastigotes in cardiac muscle and moderate parasitism of the smooth muscle of the duodenum and of skeletal muscle. Mice inoculated with fecal flagellates from the bugs had moderate tissue tropism in the same organs and also in the colon and pancreas. The possible role of R. rattus in the establishment of foci of Chagas? disease in Caracas is discusse