Occurrence of fungi in rubber seeds

A cultura de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex-A Juss.) Muell. Agr.) no Brasil vem-se expandindo muito nos últimos anos e a sua multiplicação ocorre através de clones enxertados e de sementes. Dada a importância da cultura da seringueira no País e a limitada disponibilidade de referências bibliográficas de fungos transmitidos por suas sementes, desenvolveu-se este trabalho. As amostras de sementes de seringueira procedentes dos Estados do Pará e Bahia, no período de janeiro a junho de 1981, foram enviadas ao laboratório de Fitopatologia do Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos - CENARGEN - e submetidas aos seguintes testes de sanidade: método do papel de filtro, plaqueamento em ágar com dois tipos de exposições luminosas: luz negra e fluorescente, e exame direto. Dentre os fungos observados nas sementes de seringueira, diversos são conhecidos como patógenos deste hospedeiro, como é o caso do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc., Phytophthora sp., Botryodiplodia sp, Phomopsis heveae (Petch) Boedijn, Dothiorella gregaria Sacc., Phyllosticta heveae (Zimm) e Alternaria sp. Os fungos saprófitos mais observados foram o Fumago sp. e o Aspergillus spp.The area under the rubber crop (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd ex-A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) in Brazil has increased greatly in recent years and its multiplication is done through drafting clones and seeds. This work was carried out because the rubber crop is very important in the country and the bibliographical references to seed-borne fungi diseases is very limited. The rubber seed samples from Pará and Bahia states, in January to June of 1981, were examined in January to June 1981 at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the National Center of Genetic Resources - CENARGEN. All of them underwent the following tests: blotter test, agar test, both with two kinds of lights: ultraviolet and fluorescent, and the direct examination test. Among many of fungi observed in the rubber seed are known as pathogens of rubber crop, such as: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc, Phytophthora sp., Botryodiplodia sp, Phomopsis heveae (Petch) Boedijn, Dothiorella gregaria Sacc., Phyllosticta heveae Zimm., Alternaria sp. The raprophyte fungi which were most detected were Fumago sp. and Aspergillus spp

Erradicação de fungos em germoplasma vegetal importado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the methods used for the eradication of exotic fungi detected in imported plant germplasm. Adapted standard methodologies were used in a level 1 plant quarantine station, located at Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, in Brazil. From 1977 to 2013, about 300,000 germplasm accessions from more than 90 countries, from more than 330 different products, were examined. Of the 37 detected exotic fungi, this study highlights four quarantine species belonging to a list of absent quarantine pests: Tilletia indica, Phoma exigua var. foveata, Periconia circinata, and Dactuliochaeta glycines (Syn. Phoma glycinicola). The phytosanitary measures conducted were effective for the interception/eradication of these pathogens. The methodologies used are crucial for the release of genetic material free of exotic pests and favor genetic enrichment of improvement programs of the Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuária, the national agricultural research system.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos utilizados para a erradicação dos fungos exóticos detectados em germoplasma vegetal importado. Foram utilizadas metodologias convencionais adaptadas na Estação Quarentenária Vegetal Nível 1, da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. No período de 1977 a 2013, foram analisados aproximadamente 300.000 acessos de germoplasma, procedentes de mais de 90 países, pertencentes a mais de 330 produtos diferentes. Dos 37 fungos exóticos detectados, destacam-se quatro espécies quarentenárias que pertencem à Lista de Pragas Quarentenárias Ausentes: Tilletia indica, Phoma exigua var. foveata, Periconia circinata e Dactuliochaeta glycines (Syn. Phoma glycinicola). As medidas fitossanitárias realizadas foram efetivas para a interceptação/erradicação desses patógenos. As metodologias empregadas são fundamentais para a liberação de material genético livre de pragas exóticas e favorecem o enriquecimento genético dos programas de melhoramento do Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuária

Evaluation of the chemical and antioxidant properties of wild and cultivated mushrooms of Ghana

Knowledge of the chemical composition of both wild and cultivated edible mushrooms in Ghana is limited. This study reports their nutritional value, composition in lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules, minerals and antioxidant properties. The samples were found to be nutritionally rich in carbohydrates, ranging from 64.14 ± 0.93 g in Pleurotus ostreatus strain EM-1 to 80.17 ± 0.34 g in Lentinus squarosullus strain LSF. The highest level of proteins (28.40 ± 0.86 g) was recorded in the mentioned P. ostreatus strain. Low fat contents were registered in the samples, with Auricularia auricula recording the lowest value. High levels of potassium were also observed with the following decreasing order of elements: K>P~Na>Mg>Ca. High levels of antioxidants were also observed, thus making mushrooms suitable to be used as functional foods or nutraceutical sources. Furthermore, this study provides new information regarding chemical properties of mushrooms from Ghana, which is very important for the biodiversity characterization of this country.The authors are grateful to Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support to the research center CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011), A. Fernandes grant (SFRH/BD/76019/2011) and L. Barros researcher contract under “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”. The authors also thank Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace for the collection of the mushroom samples and for the mineral analysis in Ghana

Application of Chinese Jun-Cao technique for the production of Brazilian Ganoderma lucidum strains

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in China against a wide range of diseases such as cancer and also for its prevention. In this work, commercial Chinese strains G. lucidum were compared to wild Brazilian strains aiming to determine the cultivation potential through the use of Jun-Cao. Six formulations were tested and the strains presented good response to the applied method. In general, the mixture between the grass and wood was well suited for the basidiomycetes, contributing to the preparation of substrates that generated better results in Jun Cao

Interceptions of quarantine and absent non‑regulated pests in imported plant material

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as informações qualitativas e quantitativas sobre as interceptações de pragas ausentes não regulamentadas e quarentenárias em material vegetal importado. As informações sobre interceptações de pragas pelo serviço de quarentena vegetal da Embrapa, no período de 1977 a 2013, foram obtidas em um banco de dados, atas laboratoriais e listas de interceptação publicadas. As interceptações foram analisadas de acordo com regulamentação das pragas, espécie vegetal, parte vegetal importada e origem. O material foi categorizado em sementes botânicas e material de propagação vegetativa. No período do levantamento, foram interceptadas 75 espécies de pragas em 114 eventos de interceptação. Fungos, vírus e ácaros constituem a maior parte das interceptações, e a maioria delas ocorreu em lírio, oliveira, trigo, uva, arroz, batata e maçã. A taxa média anual de infestação/infecção do material vegetal analisado é de 2% dos processos de importação. O material para propagação vegetativa apresentou maior taxa de infestação/infecção por pragas do que as sementes botânicas. Das espécies‑pragas interceptadas, 63% não são regulamentadas como quarentenárias para o Brasil. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade premente de revisão da atual lista de pragas quarentenárias do País.The objective of this work was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative information on interceptions of quarantine and absent non‑regulated pests in imported plant material. Information concerning pest interceptions by Embrapa’s plant quarantine service during the period of 1977–2013 was obtained from a database, laboratory reports, and published lists of intercepted pests. Data interceptions were evaluated according to pest regulations, plant species, imported plant parts, and origin of importation. The plant material was categorized as botanical seeds and plant material for vegetative propagation. In the survey period, 75 pest species were intercepted in 114 interception events. Fungi, viruses, and mites were the most intercepted ones, and most interceptions occurred in lily, olive, wheat, grapes, rice, potato, and apple. The average annual rate of infestation/infection of the evaluated plant material was 2% of the import processes. The material for vegetative propagation had a higher rate of infestation/infection with pests than botanical seeds. Of the intercepted pests species, 63% are not regulated as quarantine pests for Brazil. These results indicate the urgent need to review the current list of quarantine pests in the country

Application of Chinese Jun-Cao technique for the production of Brazilian Ganoderma lucidum strains

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in China against a wide range of diseases such as cancer and also for its prevention. In this work, commercial Chinese strains G. lucidum were compared to wild Brazilian strains aiming to determine the cultivation potential through the use of Jun-Cao. Six formulations were tested and the strains presented good response to the applied method. In general, the mixture between the grass and wood was well suited for the basidiomycetes, contributing to the preparation of substrates that generated better results in Jun Cao

Application of Chinese Jun-Cao technique for the production of Brazilian Ganoderma lucidum strains

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in China against a wide range of diseases such as cancer and also for its prevention. In this work, commercial Chinese strains G. lucidum were compared to wild Brazilian strains aiming to determine the cultivation potential through the use of Jun-Cao. Six formulations were tested and the strains presented good response to the applied method. In general, the mixture between the grass and wood was well suited for the basidiomycetes, contributing to the preparation of substrates that generated better results in Jun Cao

Use of RAPD molecular markers on differentiation of brazilian and chinese Ganoderma lucidum strains

The aim of this work was to analyze the Brazilian and Chinese strains of Ganoderma lucidum with molecular RAPD markers. A similarity matrix was elaborated and the RAPD profiles of G. lucidum strains were also compared to two other Ganoderma spp: G. applanatum and G. lipsiense in order to produce genetic similarity among the species. Based on the primers used, it was possible to determine that the Brazilian strains and Chinese strain CC-22 are alike. The method and the primers selection showed to be appropriate for the genetic identification of G. lucidum strains, enabling them to be improved and used in research, as well as in the world market