Analytical and numerical solutions to describe water table fluctuations due to canal seepage and time-varying recharge

Abstract Hybrid finite analytic solution (HFAS), Galerkin\u27s method based finite element solution (FES) and fully implicit finite difference solution (FIFDS) of one dimensional nonlinear Boussinesq equation and Analytical solution of Boussinesq equation linearized by Baumann\u27s transformation (analytical solution I, AS I) as well as linearized by Werner\u27s transformation (analytical solution II, AS II) were employed to obtain water table rise in a horizontal unconfined aquifer lying between two canals located at finite distance having different elevations and subjected to various patterns of recharge, i.e. zero recharge, constant recharge, as well as time varying recharge. Considering HFAS as benchmark solution, water table in mid region as obtained from FES followed by FIFDS was observed quite close to that obtained from HFAS and as per L2 and Tchebycheff norms computation, it was ranked at first and second place, respectively. Both AS I and AS II predicted higher water table at t = 5 days but at t = 10 days, AS I predicted lower and AS II predicted higher water table at all distances due to linearization effect. So, analytical solutions of linearized Boussinesq equation were rated lower than numerical solutions of nonlinear Boussinesq equation

Improvement of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield and quality through biotechnological approach: A review

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), an old-world grain legume, is grown approximately in 3 m/ha area world-wide from temperate, tropical to hot arid conditions. It is such a wonderful legume that it can excel even under adverse soil conditions; acidic or saline alkaline (pH 4.5 to 9.0). In favourable conditions, it gives very high yields, but low yield may result from biotic and abiotic stress. In India, it is still treated as minor legume. Genetic transformation based on Agrobacteria is possible. Several random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a gene determining hypersensitive resistance to race 1 of the rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) have been reported. Molecular breeding for resistance to broomrape, Ascochyta blight, rust, and chocolate spot have been obtained. The use of marker assisted selection (MAS) can complement conventional breeding by speeding up the selection of desirable traits and increasing selection efficiency. Recently, markers linked to a gene controlling growth habit or to select against traits affecting the nutritional value of seeds have also been reported. Lack of suitable cultivar can be easily overcome by application of modern tools and techniques. Several in-vitro techniques would be very useful for faba bean breeding. New techniques such as protoplast fusion, regeneration, and embryo-rescue assisted interspecific crossing could probably be introduced to V. faba L. to improve yield and quality. This review work examines the role of various techniques with reference to faba bean improvement.Key words: Vicia faba, faba bean, grain quality, resistance breeding, nitrogen fixation, zero tannin

A Study of Electrocardiographic Changes in patients with Newly Diagnosed Primary Hypothyroidism: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The thyroid hormones have an important role in the cardiovascular system; even minimal change in its level can cause significant alteration in the cardiac activity which can cause considerable electrocardiographic changes. We conducted this study to assess the electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in patients who were newly diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 71 newly diagnosed subclinical and overt primary hypothyroidism patients visiting the out-patient department (OPD) of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal from December 2018 to June 2020 after taking ethical clearance from the institutional review committee (UCMS/IRC/212/18). ECG was obtained for each patient at the time of diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. The data were analyzed with SPSS Version 16. Results: The most common ECG changes were sinus bradycardia seen in 32.4%, followed by T wave inversion in 21.1%, low voltage QRS complex in 15.5%, and prolonged PR interval in 14.1%. ECG changes were seen in 62% of cases of newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism. Among all patients, subclinical hypothyroidism accounted for 7%, while overt hypothyroidism accounted for 55% of the ECG findings. Conclusion: Our study found ECG changes like sinus bradycardia, T wave inversion, low QRS voltage, and prolonged PR interval in newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism. We suggest that every newly diagnosed hypothyroid patient should be evaluated for ECG changes

Horizons of modern molecular dynamics simulation in digitalized solid freeform fabrication with advanced materials

Our ability to shape and finish a component by combined methods of fabrication including (but not limited to) subtractive, additive, and/or no theoretical mass-loss/addition during the fabrication is now popularly known as solid freeform fabrication (SFF). Fabrication of a telescope mirror is a typical example where grinding and polishing processes are first applied to shape the mirror, and thereafter, an optical coating is usually applied to enhance its optical performance. The area of nanomanufacturing cannot grow without a deep knowledge of the fundamentals of materials and consequently, the use of computer simulations is now becoming ubiquitous. This article is intended to highlight the most recent advances in the computation benefit specific to the area of precision SFF as these systems are traversing through the journey of digitalization and Industry-4.0. Specifically, this article demonstrates that the application of the latest materials modelling approaches, based on techniques such as molecular dynamics, are enabling breakthroughs in applied precision manufacturing techniques

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Not AvailableIn order to investigate spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture under zero tillage (ZT) and raised bed (RB) method of wheat crop establishment with respect to conventional tillage (CT) method, a field experiment was conducted at Sabajpura farm of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna on salty clay loam soil having sand, silt and clay of 20.8, 66.3 and 12.9%, respectively. Four depths of irrigation i.e. 3, 5, 7, and 9 cm with three replications were applied to each tillage method. The results revealed that the moisture content in the root zone for 3 cm depth of irrigation was low and there was not much variation in moisture content for 5, 7 and 9 cm depths of irrigation. In the top 0-15 cm depth of soil layer the moisture content in ZT (varying from 37.6 - 29.4%) and in the furrows of RB (varying from 37.8-30.3%) were highest followed by CT (varying from 36.5 - 25.2%) and it was found lowest on the beds of RB (varying from 30.2- 23.8%) for 5 cm depth of irrigation. In lower layers also similar trend was observed, but there was not much difference in the moisture contents among all the methods. The rate of decrease in moisture contents between first and second irrigations was lowest and between third and fourth irrigation it was found highest in all the tillage methods.Not Availabl

Estimation of the economic value of irrigation water in canal and tube well command areas

In recent years, inequality in the distribution of tube wells and non-availability or non-accessibility of canal water during the rabi season leads to a lack of economic value fixation of irrigation water to crops. The main objective of this paper is to calculate the economic value of irrigation water for major crops in the Paliganj distributary of the Sone canal system and the Nalanda corridor site of tube well irrigation, Bihar, India using the Residual Value Method (RVM). Results revealed that the average irrigation water economic value on the basis of applied irrigation through the canal and tube well in the Paliganj distributary for rice, kharif maize, wheat, lentil, khesari, gram, rabi maize, potato, onion, and green gram crops was assessed as 3.73, 22.60, 11.67, 21.50, 27.42, 23.27, 14.75, 98.06, 84.92, and 27.17 Rs./m3, respectively. In the Nalanda corridor, the average irrigation water economic value of rice, kharif maize, wheat, lentil, gram, pea, mustard, potato, rabi maize, and green gram crops was assessed as 12.54, 24.61, 18.71, 44.15, 39.53, 37.85, 32.35, 96.93, 15.44, and 30.25 Rs./m3, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS The residual value approach was applied to estimate water economic values in the canal- and tube well-irrigated areas.; Water value for vegetable crops is generally higher as compared to field crops.; Economic value of irrigation water serves as the tool for decision-makers for uniform allocation of water to crops.

पोषण वाटिका: एक कदम पोषण सुरक्षा की ओर

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Effort towards the Livelihood Improvement of Schedule Cast Farming Communities in Nawada, Bihar - A Success Story

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Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Transplanted Puddled Rice Using a Modified Non-Weighing

Not AvailableA lysimeter and eddy covariance can be used to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AETc,) directly. However, these technologies are costly, making in-situ ET determination difficult, particularly in developing countries. In view of this, an attempt was made to determine AETc, and stage-wise crop coefficients (Kc) of transplanted puddled rice using a modified non-weighing paddy lysimeter. The results were compared to indirect methods using FAO Penman-Monteith and Pan Evaporation. Daily AETc, ranged from 1.9 to 8.2 mm/day, with a mean of 4.02? 1.35 mm/day, and their com-parison showed that the FAO Penman-Monteith equation performed well (R2:0.63; MSE: 0.64; RMSE: 0.80) and was highly correlated with AETc, throughout the crop season. However, the Pan evaporation approach was underestimated (R2=0.24; MSE=0.96; RMSE=0.98) due to a consistent pan coefficient (0.71), vegetation role and human error. In addition, Actual Kc values were de-termined to be 1.13, 1.27, 1.23, and 0.93, respectively, for the initial, crop development, mid-season and end season, higher than FAO Kc. Statistical analysis results revealed that the overall stage-wise derived Kc was in line with FAO values (R2= 0.97; p= 0.45) but different from derived pan Kc values (R2= 0.93; p= 0.33), although insignificant at 5% significance level. Therefore, such a methodology should be used without lysimeter availability. The derived regional Kc values may be utilized for precise irrigation scheduling to enhance paddy water productivity in similar agro-climatic regions worldwide

Scenario of Major Fruit Crops in Flood-Prone Areas in Eastern India: Case Study of Bihar

Not AvailableFlooding is a recurrent phenomenon in South Asian countries during the monsoon season. In the state of Bihar in eastern India, 55% of the geographical area is vulnerable to flood each year. Flood-tolerant fruit crops like banana (Musa sp.), mango (Mangifera indica), litchi (Litchi chinensis), and guava (Psidium guajava) provide an alternate source of income to farming communities in flood-prone areas where cereal crops would be damaged. Keeping in view the importance of fruit production as a mitigating option of flood risk, this study analyzed the trends in production of principal fruit crops of Bihar, i.e., banana, mango, litchi, and guava fruits. The 38 districts of Bihar, which were categorized into four zones (zone I, zone II, zone IIIA and zone IIIB), have been classified and mapped into high, medium, and low categories based on fruit productivity. For the study, annual time series data on fruit production and productivity in Bihar from 2001?2020 were used. The structural time series model (STSM), Kruskal?Wallis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for analysis . A significant increasing trend in banana production has been observed and is predicted through the year 2025. No significant increasing trend was observed for mango, litchi, or guava production. Zone I in Bihar produced significantly more banana, litchi, and mango than the other three zones. Zone IIIB produced significantly more guava. The districts were mapped into high, medium, and low productivity-based categories. Hence, the study results will be useful for researchers and policy makers to identify low productive areas and increase productivity through better management practices to support sustainable income to farmers in flood-prone areas