Decolorization efficiency of Funalia trogii under static condition: Effect of C: N ratios

Effects of physical conditions (pH and temperature), carbon and nitrogen source on decolorization of Reactive black 5 (RB5) by Funalia trogii were investigated under the static condition. Optimization of temperature and pH were also examined. Moreover, two different carbon sources (sucrose and starch), four different nitrogen sources and also four different C:N ratios (0.9, 3.0, 6.0, 18.0) were studied. Decolorization was expressed by mg dye / g dry mycelium weight. Optimal pH and temperature were found to be 4.78 and 30ºC, respectively. Decolorization efficiency increased with decreasing C:N ratio in starch-NH4H2PO4, starch-urea, sucrose-NH4H2PO4 and sucrose-urea containing media. Maximum decolorization was found as 9.61 and 7.77 mg dye/g dry mycelium weight in media containing no extra carbon and nitrogen sources. Kinetic studies were also carried out. The Lineweaver-Burk plot gave a Km of 406.66 mg/L and Vmax of 196.07 mg/L day for the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 decolorization by F. trogii under static condition.Key words: Funalia trogii, decolorization, reactive black 5, static condition

Guard cell SLAC1-type anion channels mediate flagellin-induced stomatal closure

During infection plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and this leads to stomatal closure. This study analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying this MAMP response and its interrelation with ABA signaling. Stomata in intact Arabidopsis thaliana plants were stimulated with the bacterial MAMP flg22, or the stress hormone ABA, by using the noninvasive nanoinfusion technique. Intracellular double-barreled microelectrodes were applied to measure the activity of plasma membrane ion channels. Flg22 induced rapid stomatal closure and stimulated the SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels in guard cells. Loss of both channels resulted in cells that lacked flg22-induced anion channel activity and stomata that did not close in response to flg22 or ABA. Rapid flg22-dependent stomatal closure was impaired in plants that were flagellin receptor (FLS2)-deficient, as well as in the ost1-2 (Open Stomata 1) mutant, which lacks a key ABA-signaling protein kinase. By contrast, stomata of the ABA protein phosphatase mutant abi1-1 (ABscisic acid Insensitive 1) remained flg22-responsive. These data suggest that the initial steps in flg22 and ABA signaling are different, but that the pathways merge at the level of OST1 and lead to activation of SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels.Peer reviewe

Some synthetic cyclitol derivatives alleviate the effect of water deficit in cultivated and wild-type chickpea species

unyayar, serpil/0000-0003-1631-9801; Deger, Aysin Guzel/0000-0001-6336-1872; Cevik, Sertan/0000-0003-1259-7863; Kus, Nermin Simsek/0000-0002-5402-2614; Guzel Deger, Aysin/0000-0001-6336-1872; Celik, Ayla/0000-0002-0127-3639WOS: 000345628400004PubMed: 24877672Cyclitols were prepared from corresponding allylic hydroperoxides, synthesized by photooxygenation of the appropriate cyclic alkenes. These hydroperoxides were then separately treated with a catalytic amount of OsO4. Synthesized dl-cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol 9 (A), dl-cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol 12 (B), and dl-cycloheptane-1,2,3-triol 15 (C) were used in the investigation of plant stress. Antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and water status of chickpea species exposed to synthetic cyclitols under water deficit were examined. Cyclitol derivatives significantly decreased leaf water potential, lipid peroxidation and H2O2 levels of wild and cultivated species under water deficit. Cyclitol treatments affected antioxidant enzyme activities differently in both species under water deficit. The highest SOD activity was found in A10-treated Cicer arietinum (cultivar) and C10-treated Cicer reticulatum (wild type) under water deficit. CAT activity increased in C. arietinum exposed to A cyclitols, while it increased slightly and then decreased in cyclitol-treated C. reticulatum under stress conditions. AP and GR activities were significantly increased in C. arietinum under water deficit. AP activity increased in C derivatives-treated C. arietinum, while it remained unchanged in C. reticulatum on day 1 of water deficit. GR activity was increased in A derivaties-treated C. arietinum and C derivatives-treated C. reticulatum on day 1 of water deficit and decreased with severity of stress (except for B10-treated C. arietinum). The level of AsA in C treatments and GSH in A treatments increased in C. arietinum on day 1 of water deficit, while in C. reticulatum, AsA and GSH levels decreased under stress conditions. We conclude that exogenous synthetic cyclitol derivatives are biologically active and noncytotoxic, resulting in higher antioxidant activities and lower water potential, thus increasing the water deficit tolerance of chickpea under water deficit, especially of cultivated chickpea. We also propose that synthetic cyclitol derivatives can reduce reactive oxygen species and membrane damage and are beneficial for stress adaptation. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Mersin University Scientific Research FoundationMersin University [BAP-FBE BB (SU)2010-5 B]; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109T815]; Ataturk University Scientific Research Project CouncilAtaturk University [2011/86]The present study was supported by a grant from the Mersin University Scientific Research Foundation (grant no. BAP-FBE BB (SU)2010-5 B), TUBITAK (Project No.: 109T815) and Ataturk University Scientific Research Project Council (Project No.: 2011/86)