Mutation of Str in Paternity Testing

Since the founding of DNA fingerprint by Alec J Jeffreys in 1985, DNA analysis was widely appliedin paternity testing. Nowadays, Short Tandem Repeats (STR) is the most popular DNA typing for paternitytesting because of its high discrimination power, especially when the typing is performed in combination of 6,9, 13 or 15 STR loci. STR is the nuclear DNA, and inherited from the mother and father according toMendelian law. Every child has a pair of DNA fragment, one inherited from the mother (maternal fragment),and the other from the father (paternal fragment). In paternity testing we compare the DNA typing of the childand mother to find the maternal fragment. The other fragment of the child must be the paternal fragment. Thispaternal fragment of the child, then is compared to the fragments of alleged father. The result of thiscomparison is either match (the paternal fragment is the same as one of the alleged father\u27s DNA fragments)or exclusion (the paternal fragment is not the same with any of the alleged father\u27s fragments). A child IS thebiological child of alleged father if in every STR locus the comparison is match. A child IS NOT thebiological child of alleged father if in 2 or more STR loci the comparisons are exclusion. Single exclusion in apaternity testing, that still be a single exclusion after additional STR loci analysis is usually caused bymutation. Mutation on STR locus will causes the repeat of a person shift one step more or less than theoriginal. In the case of mutation, the paternity index will decrease although we still confirm that the allegedfather is the biological father of the child. In this paper we report 2 paternity cases that showed mutation inSTR typing

The Role of Forensic Odontology in Personal Identification: Indonesian Perspective

The central dogma of dental identification is the comparison between postmortem dentalremains and ante-mortem dental records to confirm the personal identity. In mass disasters happened inIndonesia this method is almost impossible, since the ante-mortem dental record was usually not available. Inthis situation, however, postmortem dental examination is still useful to find the other general personalinformation, such as race, age, sex, blood group, eating habit, etc that will reduce the number of suspects(presumptive identification). DNA analysis performed from dental materials, such as enamel, dentin, cementand pulp, will confirm the identity of suspected / alleged person. We will report our techniques in handlingsuch cases when ante-mortem data is not available based on several mass disasters in Indonesia, such asbombing cases, ship and airline accidents. In mass catastrophes and natural calamities, the primaryidentification method is based on the findings of fingerprint, forensic dentistry and DNA analysis. In realcase, most of the personal identification is based on the finding dental (odontology) evidences, since the teethare resistant to the environmental influence, and degradation compared to other parts of the body. It wasproven thorough our investigations, that even when we were not supported by ante-mortem dental records, theinformation from post mortem dental examination is always useful for personal identification. To reduce thepossibility of in-identified victims, in the future Indonesia needs to standardize dental record, make anation-wide forensic odontology curriculum in Dental School, and provide the forensic odontology and DVItrainings for dentist

Kadar Air, Kekenyalan, Kadar Lemak Dan Citarasa Bakso Daging Sapi Dengan Penambahan Ikan Bandeng Presto (Channos Channos Forsk)

The experiment was conducted to determine the water content, elasticity, fat content and flavour of Beef Meatballs with Addition of Milkfish Presto. Data of chemical composition and phisycal properties were analysed using analysis of variance from completly randomized design. Treatment used in this experiment by Addition of Milkfish Presto during the making of beef meatballs of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The result showed that the milkfish Presto can affecting the elasticity, fat content and flavour in the nugget so as to provide a better functional value to the product without affecting the water content

Status Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Penyakit Tidak Menular pada Dewasa

Globally, the concern on high prevalence of chronic diseases on adults is increasing. Current mounting evidence confirmed that nutritional deficiency in early life, i.e. during fetal stage and the first two years of age, contribute significantly to the increasing risk of having chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD) later in life. The high prevalence of a number of NCDs in Indonesia is high, warrant a special attention. For example, almost one thirdof Indonesian adults having high blood pressure. Hence, Indonesia in the future is facing a considerable financial burden as the result of a high expenditure needed for the treatment and rehabilitation of the diseases, and low productivity related to the disease. The high prevalence of NCDs among poor population in Indonesia indicated that these diseases are not merely the result of unhealthy lifestyle, instead they very likely are the results of undernutrition in early life, which was started since fetal stage. Therefore, an attempt to address these problems through improvement of lifestyle alone will not be effective. Effort directed specifically to the root of the problems,i.e. providing an optimal nutrition environment to the fetus through improvement of maternal nutritional status, and infant 0 – 2 years of age, is recommended

Improved iodine status is associated with improved mental performance of schoolchildren in Benin.

Background: An adequate iodine supply in utero and shortly after birth is known to be crucial to an individual's physical and mental development. The question of whether iodine supplementation later in life can exert a favorable influence on the mental performance of iodine-deficient populations was addressed in various studies, but with contradictory results. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an improvement in iodine status on mental and psychomotor performance of schoolchildren (7-11 y) who were moderately to severely iodine deficient. Design: The study, which was originally planned as a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention, was carried out in an iodine-deficient population of schoolchildren (n = 196) in northern Benin. As the population began to have access to iodized salt during the 1-y intervention period, the study population was split post hoc - on the basis of urinary iodine concentrations - into a group with improved iodine status and a group with unchanged iodine status. Changes in mental and psychomotor performance over the intervention period were compared. Results: Children with increased urinary iodine concentrations had a significantly greater increase in performance on the combination of mental tests than did the group with no change in urinary iodine concentrations. Conclusions: An improvement in iodine status, rather than iodine status itself, determined mental performance in this population, which was initially iodine deficient. These findings suggest a 'catch-up' effect in terms of mental performance

Impact of fortified versus unfortified lipid-based supplements on morbidity and nutritional status: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in ill Gambian children

Multiple micronutrients (MMN) are commonly prescribed in pediatric primary healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa to improve nutritional status and appetite without evidence for their effectiveness or international clinical guidelines. Community-wide MMN supplementation has shown limited and heterogeneous impact on growth and morbidity. Short-term ready-to-use therapeutic foods in acutely sick children in a hospital setting also had limited efficacy regarding subsequent growth. The effectiveness of MMN in improving morbidity or growth in sick children presenting for primary care has not been assessed.We undertook a double-blind randomised controlled trial of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) fortified with 23 micronutrients in children aged 6 months (mo) to 5 years (y) presenting with an illness at a rural primary healthcare centre in The Gambia. Primary outcomes were repeat clinic presentations and growth over 24 wk. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 interventions: (1) supplementation with micronutrient-fortified SQ-LNS for 12 wk (MMN-12), (2) supplementation with micronutrient-fortified SQ-LNS for 6 wk followed by unfortified SQ-LNS for 6 wk (MMN-6), or (3) supplementation with unfortified SQ-LNS for 12 wk (MMN-0) to be consumed in daily portions. Treatment masking used 16 letters per 6-wk block in the randomisation process. Blinded intention-to-treat analysis based on a prespecified statistical analysis plan included all participants eligible and correctly enrolled. Between December 2009 and June 2011, 1,101 children (age 6-60 mo, mean 25.5 mo) were enrolled, and 1,085 were assessed (MMN-0 = 361, MMN-6 = 362, MMN-12 = 362). MMN supplementation was associated with a small increase in height-for-age z-scores 24 wk after recruitment (effect size for MMN groups combined: 0.084 SD/24 wk, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.168; p = 0.037; equivalent to 2-5 mm depending on age). No significant difference in frequency of morbidity measured by the number of visits to the clinic within 24 wk follow-up was detected with 0.09 presentations per wk for all groups (MMN-0 versus MMN-6: adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.03, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.16; MMN-0 versus MMN-12: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.18). In post hoc analysis, clinic visits significantly increased by 43% over the first 3 wk of fortified versus unfortified SQ-LNS (adjusted IRR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.92; p = 0.016), with respiratory presentations increasing by 52% with fortified SQ-LNS (adjusted IRR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.30; p = 0.046). The number of severe adverse events during supplementation were similar between groups (MMN-0 = 20 [1 death]; MMN-6 = 21 [1 death]; MMN-12 = 20 [0 death]). No participant withdrew due to adverse effects. Study limitations included the lack of supervision of daily supplementation.Prescribing micronutrient-fortified SQ-LNS to ill children presenting for primary care in rural Gambia had a very small effect on linear growth and did not reduce morbidity compared to unfortified SQ-LNS. An early increase in repeat visits indicates a need for the establishment of evidence-based guidelines and caution with systematic prescribing of MMN. Future research should be directed at understanding the mechanisms behind the lack of effect of MMN supplementation on morbidity measures and limited effect on growth.ISRCTN 73571031

Esterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Ultrasonic: Kinetic Study

Waste cooking oil (WCO) have a great potential as an alternative raw material for producing biodiesel. The literatures kinetic of the esterification of WCO in the presence of phosphoric acid catalyst with ultrasonic assisted are rare and most literatures used conventional method. This study aims to determine the optimum condition and the parameters of first and second order kinetics of the WCO esterification which was assisted by ultrasonic bath. Variables that used in this study are methanol/oil mole ratio, acid catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. The highest conversion was 42.08% with methanol/oil mole ratio of 15:1, a catalyst (phosphoric acid) concentration of 9% wt and temperature of 50oC within 90 minutes. The reaction time was reduced to 3 times (minute) compare to conventional method and fatty acid reduced 42%. Kinetic parameters were calculated with assumption that the esterification was the irreversible reaction. The reaction rate constant increasing with temperature. The value of activation energy for esterification of WCO is 42.94 kJ/mol for first order reaction and 35.30 kJ/mol for second order reaction