Incidence of Changes in Electoral Competence Rules on the Nationalization of Party Systems: The Strategies of Political Actors in Antioquia, 1997-2011

RESUMEN: En este artículo se sostiene que la nacionalización vertical del sistema de partidos es afectada por la forma como los partidos y candidatos adoptanestrategias para seguir en competencia bajo un marco normativo dado, pues las reglas electorales ofrecen diferentes incentivos para que estos coordinen (o no) sus esfuerzos entre los diferentes niveles electorales. Para ello, a partir de la información de las elecciones de Concejo, Asamblea y Cámara en Antioquia entre 1997 y 2011 se encuentra que los cambios en las reglas electorales de 2003 y su efecto sobre la forma en que los políticos se organizan para la competencia son un factor que afecta la nacionalización vertical del sistema de partidos, haciendo que la competencia a nivel municipal se aparte de la regional y nacional.ABSTRACT: In this article it is argued that vertical nationalization of the party system is affected by the way in which parties and candidates adopt strategies to remain in competition under a given set of rules, since electoral rules offer different incentives for them to coordinate (or not) their efforts among the different electoral levels. For this purpose, based on information from the elections for Council, Assembly and Chamber in Antioquia between 1997 and 2011, it was found that the changes in electoral rules in 2003 and their effect on the way in which politicians organize themselves for elections are a factor that affects vertical nationalization of the party system, distancing the competition on the municipal level from that which takes place on the regional and national levels

Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands

18 páginas.- 10 figuras.- 72 referencias.- Online Content Any additional Methods, Extended Data display items and Source Data are available in the online version of the paper; references unique to these sections appear only in the online paper..- Puede conseguir el texto completo en el Portal de la producción científica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid https://produccioncientifica.ucm.es/documentos/5ec78dc52999520a1d557660 .- o en lel respositorio institucional CONICET digital https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/29204/CONICET_Digital_Nro.ead4e2ed-0da6-4041-814b-259e8f27bbf6_D.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=yThe biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are interlinked by primary production, respiration and decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems1. It has been suggested that the C, N and P cycles could become uncoupled under rapid climate change because of the different degrees of control exerted on the supply of these elements by biological and geochemical processes1,2,3,4,5. Climatic controls on biogeochemical cycles are particularly relevant in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid ecosystems (drylands) because their biological activity is mainly driven by water availability6,7,8. The increase in aridity predicted for the twenty-first century in many drylands worldwide9,10,11 may therefore threaten the balance between these cycles, differentially affecting the availability of essential nutrients12,13,14. Here we evaluate how aridity affects the balance between C, N and P in soils collected from 224 dryland sites from all continents except Antarctica. We find a negative effect of aridity on the concentration of soil organic C and total N, but a positive effect on the concentration of inorganic P. Aridity is negatively related to plant cover, which may favour the dominance of physical processes such as rock weathering, a major source of P to ecosystems, over biological processes that provide more C and N, such as litter decomposition12,13,14. Our findings suggest that any predicted increase in aridity with climate change will probably reduce the concentrations of N and C in global drylands, but increase that of P. These changes would uncouple the C, N and P cycles in drylands and could negatively affect the provision of key services provided by these ecosystems.This research is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement no. 242658 (BIOCOM), and by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government, grant no. CGL2010-21381. CYTED funded networking activities (EPES, Acción 407AC0323). M.D.-B. was supported by a PhD fellowship from the Pablo de Olavide University.Peer reviewe

The elections in Bogotá

Tanto las elecciones parlamentarias como las presidenciales han sido objeto de los más variados análisis y comentarios por parte de estudiosos del proceso político colombiano. Por esta razón, resultaría un tanto pretencioso intentar interpretaciones realmente novedosas y originales sobre los comicios de marzo y mayo últimos, máxime cuando han transcurrido varias semanas desde su realización y cuando las expectativas se centran cada vez más en lo que será el próximo gobierno. El propósito de este artículo, por lo tanto, es proveer una síntesis de los elementos más destacados de las pasadas elecciones, bien porque los resultados hayan sido sorprendente

Evolución y desarrollo de la Ciencia Política colombiana: Un proceso en marcha*

Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo institucional de la ciencia política en Colombia en dos etapas, estableciendo una diferencia entre el ámbito de la disciplina y el dominante de los llamados estudios políticos en el país. Adicionando un análisis de una etapa donde proliferan las publicaciones y los espacios académicos, al nivel de pregrados, postgrados y especializaciones en universidades públicas y privadas, señalándose el avance significativo, pero aún incompleto, de la disciplina en Colombia

What's the measure? An empirical investigation of self-ratings on response scales

Two studies were conducted to investigate how self-ratings on questionnaire items reflect the underlying real-scores. Participants gave numerical information about personal attributes (the real-scores), such as age, height, and weight, and subsequently rated themselves regarding these attributes. In Study 1, they rated themselves on a five-point Likert-type scale from three different perspectives, a personal, a general, and an outsiders', inducing three different frames of reference. By regressing these ratings on the real-scores, it was shown that information about means of and differences between the real-scores were not readily reflected by the response scales. The outsiders' perspective resulted in the most adequate representation of the real-score differences, indicated by the intervals between the categories estimated by the ordinal regression models. In Study 2, neutral item wording with a five-point Likert-type scale and a four-point Likert-type scale was used to rule out the effect of positive wording. This increased the adequacy of the representations just slightly. The findings indicate that, even on average, the investigated rating scales and items reflect the numeric real-scores only limitedly and that self-ratings depend on the item phrasing instead of simply representing a coarse measure of the real-scores. All data and analysis scripts are available at

What’s the measure? An empirical investigation of self-ratings on response scales

The present investigation comprises two studies. In Study 1, participants gave numerical information about demographic attributes (real-scores). They subsequently rated themselves regarding these attributes on a five-point Likert-type scale (5LTS). Items used different phrasings, inducing (1) a general, (2) a personal, and (3) an outsiders’ perspective. By regressing these ratings on the real-scores, it was shown that information on centers and intervals of the real-scores were not readily reflected by the response scales. This led to different representations of the intervals and centers of the real-scores. The outsiders’ perspective resulted in the most adequate representation of the real-score intervals. Study 2 used neutral item wording with a 5LTS and a four-point Likert-type scale (4LTS) to investigate the possible confound of positive wording. This increased the adequacy of the representations only slightly. Together, the findings indicate that, even on average, the investigated rating scales and items reflect the actual attributes only limitedly and that the self-ratings depend on the item phrasing instead of simply representing a coarse measure of the real-scores. All data and analysis scripts are available on https://osf.io/4pcdb/

Decoupling of soil nutrients cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands

The biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are interlinked by primary production, respiration and decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. It has been suggested that the C, N and P cycles could become uncoupled under rapid climate change because of the different degrees of control exerted on the supply of these elements by biological and geochemical processes. Climatic controls on biogeochemical cycles are particularly relevant in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid ecosystems (drylands) because their biological activity is mainly driven by water availability. The increase in aridity predicted for the twenty-first century in many drylands worldwide may therefore threaten the balance between these cycles, differentially affecting the availability of essential nutrients. Here we evaluate how aridity affects the balance between C, N and P in soils collected from 224 dryland sites from all continents except Antarctica. Wefind a negative effect of aridity on the concentration of soil organic C and total N, but a positive effect on the concentration of inorganic P. Aridity is negatively related to plant cover, which may favour the dominance of physical processes such as rock weathering, a major source of P to ecosystems, over biological processes that provide more C and N, such as litter decomposition1. Our findings suggest that any predicted increase in aridity with climate change will probably reduce the concentrations of N and C in global drylands, but increase that of P. These changes would uncouple the C, N and P cycles in drylands and could negatively affect the provision of key services provided by these ecosystems.Fil: Delgado Baquerizo, Manuel. Universidad Pablo de Olavide; España. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; EspañaFil: Maestre, Fernando T.. Universidad Pablo de Olavide; España. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; EspañaFil: Gallardo, Antonio. Universidad Pablo de Olavide; EspañaFil: Bowker, Matthew A.. No especifíca;Fil: Wallenstein, Matthew D.. Northern Arizona University; Estados UnidosFil: Bran, Donaldo Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; EspañaFil: Gatica, Mario Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Hepper, Estela Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Prina, Anibal Oscar. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Pucheta, Eduardo Raúl. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Huber Sannwald, Elisabeth. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; MéxicoFil: Jankju, Mohammad. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; IránFil: Liu, Jushan. Northeast Normal University. Institute of Grassland Science,; ChinaFil: Mau, Rebecca L.. Northern Arizona University; Estados UnidosFil: Miriti, Maria. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Monerris, Jorge. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Naseri, Kamal. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; IránFil: Noumi, Zouhaier. Université de Sfax; TúnezFil: Polo, Vicente. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; EspañaFil: Ramírez Collantes, David A.. International Potato Center; PerúFil: Romão, Roberto. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Departamento de Ciencias Biológica, Herbario; BrasilFil: Tighe, Matthew. University of New England; AustraliaFil: Torres, Duilio. Universidad Centroccidental ‘‘Lisandro Alvarado’’; VenezuelaFil: Torres Díaz, Cristian. Universidad del Bio Bio. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad; ChileFil: Ungar, Eugene D.. The Volcani Center. Agricultural Research Organization. Institute of Plant Sciences; IsraelFil: Val, James. Office of Environment and Heritage; AustraliaFil: Wamiti, Wanyoike. National Museums of Kenya. Zoology Department; KeniaFil: Wang, Deli. Northeast Normal University. Institute of Grassland Science; ChinaFil: Zaady, Eli. Gilat Research Center; Israe