Induced Mutation: Creating Genetic Diversity in Plants

Genetic diversity is the variation occurred in genetic information, which depends on frequency and diversity of alleles among individuals within a population or a species. This phenomenon, which is also a part of the evolution process, allows the organisms to adapt to changing conditions and to survive. Populations with high allelic variability are more easily adaptable to changing environmental conditions. However, nowadays, constant use of populations with certain characters in the plant breeding and the uniformity of consumer demands are among one of the causes of genetic erosion. Loss of genetic diversity within a species can lead to loss of useful properties for human beings. If stress conditions such as disease or drought occur, the ability of a population to survive by adapting to this new condition is dependent on the presence of individuals carrying gene alleles that need to adapt to these conditions

Malicious code detection in android : the role of sequence characteristics and disassembling methods

The acceptance and widespread use of the Android operating system drew the attention of both legitimate developers and malware authors, which resulted in a significant number of benign and malicious applications available on various online markets. Since the signature-based methods fall short for detecting malicious software effectively considering the vast number of applications, machine learning techniques in this field have also become widespread. In this context, stating the acquired accuracy values in the contingency tables in malware detection studies has become a popular and efficient method and enabled researchers to evaluate their methodologies comparatively. In this study, we wanted to investigate and emphasize the factors that may affect the accuracy values of the models managed by researchers, particularly the disassembly method and the input data characteristics. Firstly, we developed a model that tackles the malware detection problem from a Natural Language Processing (NLP) perspective using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Then, we experimented with different base units (instruction, basic block, method, and class) and representations of source code obtained from three commonly used disassembling tools (JEB, IDA, and Apktool) and examined the results. Our findings exhibit that the disassembly method and different input representations affect the model results. More specifically, the datasets collected by the Apktool achieved better results compared to the other two disassemblers

Ribosomal and Protein Gene Phylogeny Reveals Novel Saprobic Fungal Species FromJuglans regiaandUrtica dioica

During an ongoing investigation of Ascomycetes from plant substrates, three saprobic species were found from plant substrates. Two new species,Leptosphaeria regiaeandNeomicrosphaeropsis juglandiswere isolated from dead branches ofJuglans regiafrom Turkey. Another species is introduced herein asSubplenodomus urticaesp. nov within the family Leptosphaeriaceae found onUrtica dioicain Italy. Multigene phylogenies based on combined LSU, ITS, SSU, and beta-tubulin DNA sequence data generated from maximum likelihood and MrBayes analyses indicate thatLeptosphaeria regiaeis related toL. slovacicaand forms an independent lineage within the genusLeptosphaeria.Subplenodomus urticaeis basal toS. iridicolaand its establishment as a new species is strongly supported.Neomicrosphaeropsis juglandisforms a moderately supported lineage in betweenN. italicaandN. elaeagniin the Didymellaceae. Full morphological details are provided herein and phylogenetic relationships of the three new species are also discussed

다양한 교정용 브라켓 원재료에 부착하는 mutans streptococci 양의 비교분석

Objective: To estimate the effects of bracket material type on enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment, this study analyzed the adhesion level of mutans streptococci (MS) to orthodontic bracket materials in vivo. Methods: Three different types of orthodontic bracket materials were used: stainless steel, monocrystalline sapphire, and polycrystalline alumina. A balanced complete block design was used to exclude the effect of positional variation of bracket materials in the oral cavity. Three types of plastic individual trays were made and one subject placed the tray in the mouth for 12 hours. Then, the attached bacteria were isolated and incubated on a mitis salivadus media containing bacitracin for 48 hours. Finally, the number of colony forming units of MS was counted. The experiments were independently performed 5 times with each of the 3 trays, resulting in a total of 15 times. Mixed model ANOVA was used to compare the adhesion amount of MS. Results: There was no difference in colony forming units among the bracket materials irrespective of jaw and tooth position. Conclusions: This study suggested that the result of quantitative analysis of MS adhesion to various orthodontic bracket materials in vivo may differ from that of the condition in vitro. (Korean J Orthod 2009;39(2):105-111)

The Relation between 6-n-Propylthiouracil Sensitivity and Caries Activity in Schoolchildren

Caries activity tests are being used to assess caries risk in children. In recent years the purpose of most studies has been to develop practical, quick, reliable and economic tests. Clinical studies showed that the difference in sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is a heritable trait and may influence children's nutritional habits and caries development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between PROP sensitivity and caries activity in schoolchildren, in comparison with different caries activity tests. One hundred and twenty children aged between 7 and 12 years (mean age 9.97 +/- 1.59) were investigated to determine socioeconomic status and oral hygiene habits, fluoride consumption, DMFT, DMFS, df, dfs, plaque indexes, and nutritional habits. Children were divided into three groups according to their caries risk status based on the Cariogram. The solution test and the PROP-impregnated filter paper test were used together to determine PROP sensitivity. After all associated factors had been controlled, stepwise regression analyses revealed that DMFT and dfs scores were important determinants of PROP. According to dfs, the sensitivity of the Cariogram and of PROP tests was 0.85 and 0.70, respectively, and specificity was 0.32 and 0.33, respectively. There was an inverse significant relationship between PROP sensitivity and DMFT, DMFS, and dfs results (p < 0.01). In conclusion, PROP nontasters were significantly more likely to have high caries risk than PROP tasters (p < 0.01). Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base