Lupi Breed - Erhöhung der Ertragsstabilität und Ertragsleistung der Süßlupine zur Sicherung der einheimischen Eiweißversorgung (Teilprojekt IPK – Genetische Ressourcen)

Im LupiBreed Projektteil Genetische Ressourcen wurden insgesamt 227 Akzessionen von blauer Lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) der bundesdeutschen Ex situ-Genbank in Gatersleben angebaut. Der Anbau erfolgte in einem Folientunnel, um speziell Trockenstress unter kontrollierten Bedingungen testen zu können. Außerdem wurden 225 Akzessionen der Blauen Lupine zur Vermehrung in Kleingewächshäusern angebaut, um ausreichend Material für die Züchtung und andere interessierte Nutzer zur Verfügung zu haben. Die Genbankakzessionen wurden nach einem mit den Projektpartnern abgestimmten Boniturschema beschrieben. Insgesamt wurden 42 agronomische und morphologische Merkmale erfasst. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die Merkmale Krankheitsresistenz, Frühzeitigkeit, Ertrag, Tausendkornmasse, Platzfestigkeit und Anpassung an Trockenstress gelegt. Im dritten Projektjahr wurden dann 56 ausgewählte Akzessionen als Wiederholung angebaut, um die Ergebnisse der ersten beiden Jahre zu bestätigen. Für die Merkmale Krankheitsresistenz, Ertrag, TKM, Platzfestigkeit und Trockenstress konnten Genbankakzessionen gefunden werden, die genauso gut oder sogar besser als auf dem Markt befindliche Sorten waren. Nur bei dem Merkmal Frühzeitigkeit waren die Sorten generell besser als das Genbankmaterial. Zusätzlich wurden Alkaloid- und Proteingehalte, die im Julius Kühn-Institut untersucht wurden, in den Vergleich mit einbezogen. Die Akzessionen mit besonders positiven Eigenschaften wurden parallel unter Freilandbedingungen in Bocksee bei Saatzucht Steinach (SZS) getestet. Bereits erste Kreuzungen von Zuchtmaterial der SZS mit Genbankmaterial wurden vorgenommen. Wenn sich diese als positiv erweisen, können neue Sorten von Blauer Lupine zur Zulassung kommen. Die Genbankakzessionen haben somit einen Beitrag in der Entwicklung neuer, ertragreicher und gesunder Sorten geleistet

Intraspecific taxonomy of plant genetic resources – Important for differentiation of medicinal and aromatic plants?

Taxonomy of plant genetic resources is an important input in characterising and evaluating cultivated plants and essential for identification and documentation of the diversity of genebank collections. In former times taxonomical determination was based only on morphological characters. Nowadays, new molecular and chemical methods and techniques are available for providing additional information. As examples, investigations of parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.] Nyman, Apiaceae) and opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) collections of the German genebank are demonstrated. In addition to morphological description, the molecular distance and the phylogenetic relationship of the accessions were performed with molecular marker analysis. Essential oil compound and content for parsley and the content of the five main alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine) for opium poppy were measured with GC (gas chromatography) and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography), respectively. For parsley the results of the three methods support the existing taxonomy partly, a separation of root and leaf parsley was confirmed. However, the taxonomy of opium poppy should be revised because molecular and chemical data do not verify the morphological results. But nevertheless taxonomy of cultivated plants is an important tool to describe the variability of plant genetic resources

The Maintenance and Exploitation of ex situ Genebank Collections – Association Mapping for Flowering Time in Wheat

It is estimated that world-wide existing germplasm collections contain about 7.4 million accessions of plant genetic resources. Wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) represents the biggest group with about 900,000 accessions. One of the largest ex situ genebanks worldwide is located at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben, Germany. This collection comprises wild and primitive forms, landraces as well as old and more recent cultivars of mainly cereals but also other crops. As on the global scale wheat is the largest group having almost 30,000 accessions. Beside the long term storage and frequent regeneration of the material phenotypic characterisation and evaluation data are collected as a prerequisite for gene identification and mapping. We report the outcome of an association-based mapping study to elucidate the genetic basis of flowering time in winter wheat. A core collection of 96 cultivars was subjected to a genome-wide scan using diversity array technology markers. The same set of accessions had been earlier evaluated for flowering time over six consecutive seasons. Some of the resulting marker-trait associations (MTAs) mapped to chromosomal locations in which known major genes affecting flowering time are known to reside. However, most of the MTAs identified genomic locations where no such genes are known to map, so providing new opportunities to exploit genetic variation for flowering time in wheat breeding programmes

Mapping QTL for resistance against <i>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</i> in wheat

Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). From a set of phenotypically and molecularly characterized set of Argentinean isolates, two isolates H0019 and H0120 which do not correspond to known races of the pathogen were selected. Segregation for resistance among a set of recombinant inbred lines bred from the cross 'W7984' × cv. 'Opata 85' was used to identify the basis for resistance at the seedling stage, against those fungal isolates (H0019 and H0120), across three independent environments. On the basis of the mean performance across all three environments, a QTL against chlorosis located on the 6AS and linked to the RFLP locus Xksuh4c was significant for both isolates (with a LOD of 3.76 for isolate H0019 and 5.87 for H0120).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Mapping QTL for resistance against <i>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</i> in wheat

Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). From a set of phenotypically and molecularly characterized set of Argentinean isolates, two isolates H0019 and H0120 which do not correspond to known races of the pathogen were selected. Segregation for resistance among a set of recombinant inbred lines bred from the cross 'W7984' × cv. 'Opata 85' was used to identify the basis for resistance at the seedling stage, against those fungal isolates (H0019 and H0120), across three independent environments. On the basis of the mean performance across all three environments, a QTL against chlorosis located on the 6AS and linked to the RFLP locus Xksuh4c was significant for both isolates (with a LOD of 3.76 for isolate H0019 and 5.87 for H0120).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Infraspecific variability of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in the Gatersleben genebank collection

Rosmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) ist ein im Mittelmeergebiet vorkommender immergrüner Strauch aus der Familie der Lippenblütler (Lamiaceae). Überwiegend als Gewürz bekannt, ist Rosmarin aber auch eine Heilpflanze. Anwendungsgebiete sind Verdauungsstörungen, Blähungen, Völlegefühl und Magen-Darm-Galle- Störungen. Auch eine äußerliche Anwendung bei Muskel- und Gelenkrheumatismus ist beschrieben. In der Genbank des Leibniz-Institutes für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) lagern 41 Akzessionen von R. officinalis. Es handelt sich sowohl um Wildaufsammlungen wie auch um Landsorten, Zuchtlinien und Kultursorten aus sieben verschiedenen Ländern. Die innerartliche Variabilität dieser Muster soll morphologisch, molekular und biochemisch beschrieben werden. Die morphologische Charakterisierung erfolgt mittels eines standardisieren Deskriptors über zwei Jahre. Für die molekulare Untersuchung werden mehr als 30 kodominante SNP-Marker verwendet, die Analyse der Inhaltsstoffe umfasst die qualitative und quantitative Zusammentsetzung der ätherischen Öle. Bei den morphologischen Charakterisierungen lassen sich am Beispiel Drüsenhaare pro Blatt deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Akzessionen aber auch zwischen den Jahren erkennen, die Variabilität ist insgesamt sehr hoch. Mehr als 30 polymorphe Marker zeigen erste Ergebnisse zu den Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen der Akzessionen. Es lassen sich potentielle Duplikate wie auch geographische Custer aufzeigen. Eine Übereinstimmung mit morphologischen Merkmalen wie der Anzahl der Drüsenhaare oder Blattmorphologie konnte nicht gefunden werden. Die Auswertung der Inhaltsstoffanalysen steht noch aus. Allgemein lässt sich sagen, dass das Screening von genetischen Ressourcen die Grundlage bildet für eine weitere Verwendung in Züchtung und Nutzung.Rosmary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae), is an evergreen shrub in the Mediterranean area. Well known as spice plant, it is also used as medicinal plant. Applications are dyspepsia, flatulence, feeling of fullness and gastro-intestinal diseases. In addition, an external application for rheumatism is described. Fourty one accesions of R. officinalis are stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK). The material comes from collecting missions of wild samples but also landraces, breeding lines and advanced cultivars from seven countries are maintained. The infraspecific variability of all these accessions will be characterized morphologically, with molecular markers and chemically. The morphological characterization was done with a standardized descriptor over two years. For the molecular studies more than 30 codominant SNP marker were used. The analysis of the chemical compounds shows the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oils. Giving one example from the morphological characterizations, the number of glandular trichoms per leaf indicates clear differences between the accessions but also between the years. In general, the variability is very high. More than 30 polymorphic markers show first results of relationship between the accessions. Potential duplicates can be seen as well as geographic clusters. Correlation between molecular and morphological data like number of glandular trichoms or leaf morphology could not be found. The analysis of the essential oils needs final evaluation. In conclusion, screening of genetic resources is the base for further use in research and breeding

Genetic dissection of grain architecture-related traits in a winter wheat population

Background: The future productivity of wheat (T. aestivum L.) as the most grown crop worldwide is of utmost importance for global food security. Thousand kernel weight (TKW) in wheat is closely associated with grain architecture-related traits, e.g. kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel area (KA), kernel diameter ratio (KDR), and factor form density (FFD). Discovering the genetic architecture of natural variation in these traits, identifying QTL and candidate genes are the main aims of this study. Therefore, grain architecture-related traits in 261 worldwide winter accessions over three field-year experiments were evaluated. Results: Genome-wide association analysis using 90K SNP array in FarmCPU model revealed several interesting genomic regions including 17 significant SNPs passing false discovery rate threshold and strongly associated with the studied traits. Four of associated SNPs were physically located inside candidate genes within LD interval e.g. BobWhite_c5872_589 (602,710,399 bp) found to be inside TraesCS6A01G383800 (602,699,767–602,711,726 bp). Further analysis reveals the four novel candidate genes potentially involved in more than one grain architecture-related traits with a pleiotropic effects e.g. TraesCS6A01G383800 gene on 6A encoding oxidoreductase activity was associated with TKW and KA. The allelic variation at the associated SNPs showed significant differences betweeen the accessions carying the wild and mutated alleles e.g. accessions carying C allele of BobWhite_c5872_589, TraesCS6A01G383800 had significantly higher TKW than the accessions carying T allele. Interestingly, these genes were highly expressed in the grain-tissues, demonstrating their pivotal role in controlling the grain architecture. Conclusions: These results are valuable for identifying regions associated with kernel weight and dimensions and potentially help breeders in improving kernel weight and architecture-related traits in order to increase wheat yield potential and end-use quality.Fil: Schierenbeck, Matías. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Cátedra de Cerealicultura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Alqudah, Ahmad M.. University Aarhus; DinamarcaFil: Lohwasser, Ulrike. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Tarawneh, Rasha A.. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Simon, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Cátedra de Cerealicultura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Börner, Andreas. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Alemani

Association mapping unravels the genetics controlling seedling drought stress tolerance in winter wheat

Drought is a major constraint in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield. The present work aimed to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs)/ candidate genes influencing drought tolerance-related traits at the seedling stage in 261 accessions of a diverse winter wheat panel. Seeds from three consecutive years were exposed to polyethylene glycol 12% (PEG-6000) and a control treatment (distilled water). The Farm-CPU method was used for the association analysis with 17,093 polymorphic SNPs. PEG treatment reduced shoot length (SL) (-36.3%) and root length (RL) (-11.3%) compared with control treatments, while the coleoptile length (CL) was increased by 11% under drought conditions, suggesting that it might be considered as an indicator of stress-tolerance. Interestingly, we revealed 70 stable QTN across 17 chromosomes. Eight QTNs related to more than one trait were detected on chromosomes 1B, 2A (2), 2B, 2D, 4B, 7A, and 7B and located nearby or inside candidate genes within the linkage disequilibrium (LD) interval. For instance, the QTN on chromosome 2D is located inside the gene TraesCS2D02G133900 that controls the variation of CL_S and SL_C. The allelic variation at the candidate genes showed significant influence on the associated traits, demonstrating their role in controlling the natural variation of multi-traits of drought stress tolerance. The gene expression of these candidate genes under different stress conditions validates their biological role in stress tolerance. Our findings offer insight into understanding the genetic factors and diverse mechanisms in response to water shortage conditions that are important for wheat improvement and adaptation at early developmental stages.Fil: Schierenbeck, Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Alemania. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Cátedra de Cerealicultura; ArgentinaFil: Alqudah, Ahmad M.. Qatar University; QatarFil: Thabet, Samar G.. Fayoum University; EgiptoFil: Lohwasser, Ulrike. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Simón, María Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Cátedra de Cerealicultura; ArgentinaFil: Börner, Andreas. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Alemani