894 research outputs found

    PROSET — A Language for Prototyping with Sets

    Get PDF
    We discuss the prototyping language PROSET(Prototyping with Sets) as a language for experimental and evolutionary prototyping, focusing its attention on algorithm design. Some of PROSET’s features include generative communication, flexible exception handling and the integration of persistence. A discussion of some issues pertaining to the compiler and the programming environment conclude the pape

    Still lacking self-reflection after all these years? (De)stabilizing factors of transatlantic relations according to German and US foreign policy experts between 2011 and 2017

    Get PDF
    This article compares the trends and theoretical positions found in the recent academic literature on the status and trajectory of transatlantic relations with the beliefs of 96 German and US foreign policy experts. The qualitative data are derived from open-ended in-depth interviews about the political, economic, and cultural factors that influence transatlantic cooperation and friction. Conducted in Berlin in 2011 and in Washington, D.C., in 2017, the interviews correspond with optimist and pessimist perceptions found in the academic literature and align roughly with realist, respectively, liberal/institutionalist and constructivist theoretical positions in International Relations theory and left/right political leanings. The study concludes with suggestions about the prospects for transatlantic relations, and the methodological benefits of comparing beliefs of foreign policy actors with theoretical paradigms and trends in the academic literature

    Proclaiming a prophecy empty of substance?: A pragmatist reconsideration of global governance

    Get PDF
    In 1995, the UN Commission on Global Governance published their “Our Global Neighbourhood” report and the academic journal “Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations” was launched. Both events in retrospect play a significant role in the emergence of global governance thinking and practice in world politics. Despite inherent ambiguities, this idea since then gained massive traction and became both a modality and a heuristic of world politics. Advancing a pragmatist framework, we unpack global governance in terms of the beliefs which underline and guide it. These beliefs are important since they, as rules for action, define the scope of global governance as a theoretical and a political concept. Reconstructing these beliefs directly from the 1995 report, the article highlights the inherent conflations of normative and analytical commitments indicative of global governance. As a projection surface of all kinds, we believe such a reconsideration of global governance is important to (a) reveal the baselines of its thinking and practice, (b) indicate how its normative and analytical ambitions overlap and conflate, and (c) contribute to a more reflective discussion on the idea which explicitly considers its inherent normativity. At the same time, we hope to show the value of a pragmatist framework on beliefs for the study of world politics

    Vom kontrÀren Umgang mit einem Tabu : warum sich Deutschland 1991 nicht am Golfkrieg beteiligt hat, aber im Jahr 2001 den "Krieg gegen den Terror" aufnahm ; eine Analyse von vier Bundestagsreden mithilfe der objektiven Hermeneutik

    No full text
    Auf der methodologischen Grundlage objektiv-hermeneutischer Sequenzanalysen von vier Reden, die der Bundesverteidigungsminister Gerhard Stoltenberg (CDU) und der Bundesminister fĂŒr AuswĂ€rtige Angelegenheiten Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) im Januar 1991 sowie der Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schröder (SPD) und der Bundesminister fĂŒr AuswĂ€rtige Angelegenheiten Joschka Fischer (BĂŒndnis 90/Die GrĂŒnen) im November 2001 vor dem Deutschen Bundestag gehalten haben, zeigte sich, dass die militĂ€rische Abstinenz der Bundesrepublik im Golfkrieg und der Einsatz der Bundeswehr im Rahmen der Operation »Enduring Freedom«, dem „Krieg gegen den Terror“, auf den geteilten Umgang konservativer und progressiver Bundesregierungen mit dem Tabu des MilitĂ€rischen zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren ist, das sich in Deutschland in Reaktion auf den Zweiten Weltkrieg gebildet hatte. Vor dem Hintergrund eines gesinnungsethisch dominierten politischen Diskurses in der Bundesrepublik schreckte die aus Union und Liberalen gefĂŒhrte Regierung von Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl (CDU) wenige Wochen nach dem Vollzug der Deutschen Einheit und der Wiedererlangung der vollen SouverĂ€nitĂ€t teilweise wider besseres Wissen vor einem Bruch dieses Tabus in Form einer Durchsetzung der StaatsrĂ€son zurĂŒck, weil sie fĂŒrchtete, im Falle einer aktiven Beteiligung deutscher StreitkrĂ€fte an den Kriegshandlungen zur Restitution des Völkerrechts, das durch die irakische Invasion Kuwaits gebrochen worden war, von der öffentlichen Meinung eines RĂŒckfalls in die Ära des deutschen Militarismus bezichtigt zu werden. Da sich dieses Problem fĂŒr Mitte-Links-Regierungen so nicht stellt, sondern ganz im Gegenteil die Aussicht auf eine positive Anrechnung der Verletzung von Tabus als Ausweis ihrer LernfĂ€higkeit besteht, war es der Koalition aus SPD und BĂŒndnis 90/Die GrĂŒnen möglich, die Bundeswehr nach dem PrĂ€zedenzfall der NATO-Luftangriffe auf Jugoslawien auch an der militĂ€rischen Beantwortung der Terrorattacken vom 11. September 2001 zu beteiligen. DarĂŒber hinaus verweist das Novum einer aktiven militĂ€rischen Beteiligung der Bundesrepublik an internationalen KriegseinsĂ€tzen unter der Ägide der ersten rot-grĂŒnen Bundesregierung wohl auch auf einen allmĂ€hlich von den Regierenden auf die Regierten ĂŒbergehenden langfristigen Wandel auf der Ebene der MentalitĂ€ten, der dadurch begĂŒnstigt worden ist, dass sich 1998 ein doppelter Machtwechsel im Bund vollzog, der erstmals seit 16 Jahren wieder eine der Tendenz nach linke Mehrheit etablierte und gleichzeitig einer neuen Generation die Regierungsverantwortung ĂŒbertrug. Diese neue Generation hat es offenbar nicht nur verstanden, ihre AnhĂ€nger in langjĂ€hrig erprobter ideologischer Abgrenzung von der konservativ-liberalen Regierung Kohl so fest an sich zu binden, dass diese ihr auch »in den Krieg« folgten, sondern sie drĂŒckte der deutschen Politik zugleich einen neuen Stil auf, der sehr bald selbst zum Programm werden könnte

    Applications of planar oxygen optodes in biological aquatic systems

    Get PDF
    The work presented in this thesis investigates two-dimensional (2D) oxygen distribution and dynamics in biological aquatic systems with the help of recently developed porphyrin-based planar oxygen optodes and the modular luminescence lifetime imaging (MOLLI) system. The general characteristics of the used optodes were determined in experiments described in chapter 5. It is shown that planar optodes cannot easily be used to determine highly accurate oxygen distributions and dynamics, when very high spatial (< 15 ”m) and temporal (< 3 s) resolutions are required (chapter 5 and 6). Major problems are the light guidance effect, relatively noisy oxygen data and the slow response time of the optodes. The oxygen data measured with porphyrin-based planar optodes are robust enough to visualise 2D oxygen heterogeneities and dynamics qualitatively in various biological systems. Porphyrin-based oxygen optodes proved to be powerful tools in aquatic systems where qualitative determination and visualisation of the heterogeneity and dynamics of 2D oxygen distributions are the focus of interest. One of the most appreciatory applications for planar optodes are permeable sediments (chapters 2, 3, 4 and 6 )

    High spatial resolution measurement of oxygen consumption rates in permeable sediments

    Get PDF
    A method is presented for the measurement of depth profiles of volumetric oxygen consumption rates in permeable sediments with high spatial resolution. When combined with in situ oxygen microprofiles measured by microsensors, areal rates of aerobic respiration in sediments can be calculated. The method is useful for characterizing sediments exposed to highly dynamic advective water exchange, such as intertidal sandy sediments. The method is based on percolating the sediment in a sampling core with aerated water and monitoring oxygen in the sediment using either an oxygen microelectrode or a planar oxygen optode. The oxygen consumption rates are determined using three approaches: (1) as the initial rate of oxygen decrease measured at discrete points after the percolation is stopped, (2) from oxygen microprofiles measured sequentially after the percolation is stopped, and (3) as a derivative of steady-state oxygen microprofiles measured during a constant percolation of the sediment. The spatial resolution of a typical 3 to 4 cm profile within a measurement time of 1 to 2 h is better with planar optodes (˜0.3 mm) then with microelectrodes (2 to 5 mm), whereas the precision of oxygen consumption rate measurements at individual points is similar (0.1 to 0.5 ”mol L–1 min–1) for both sensing methods. The method is consistent with the established methods (interfacial gradients combined with Fick’s law of diffusion, benthic-chambers), when tested on the same sediment sample under identical, diffusion-controlled conditions
    • 

    corecore