42 research outputs found
Real-time switching between multiple steady-states in quantum transport
We study transport through an interacting model system consisting of a
central correlated site coupled to finite bandwidth tight-binding leads, which
are considered as effectively noninteracting. Its nonequilibrium properties are
determined by real-time propagation of the Kadanoff-Baym equations after
applying a bias voltage to the system. The electronic interactions on the
central site are incorporated by means of self-energy approximations at
Hartree-Fock, second Born and GW level. We investigate the conditions under
which multiple steady-state solutions occur within different self-energy
approximations, and analyze in detail the nature of these states from an
analysis of their spectral functions. At the Hartree-Fock level at least two
stable steady-state solutions with different densities and currents can be
found. By applying a gate voltage-pulse at a given time we are able to switch
between these solutions. With the same parameters we find only one steady-state
solution when the self-consistent second Born and GW approximations are
considered. We therefore conclude that treatment of many-body interactions
beyond mean-field can destroy bistability and lead to qualitatively different
results as compared those at mean-field level.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, Submitted at "Progress in Nonequilibrium Green's
Functions IV" conferenc
Comparative study of many-body perturbation theory and time-dependent density functional theory in the out-of-equilibrium Anderson model
We study time-dependent electron transport through an Anderson model. The
electronic interactions on the impurity site are included via the self-energy
approximations at Hartree-Fock (HF), second Born (2B), GW, and T-Matrix level
as well as within a time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) scheme based on
the adiabatic Bethe-Ansatz local density approximation (ABALDA) for the
exchange correlation potential. The Anderson model is driven out of equilibrium
by applying a bias to the leads and its nonequilibrium dynamics is determined
by real-time propagation. The time-dependent currents and densities are
compared to benchmark results obtained with the time-dependent density matrix
renormalization group (tDMRG) method. Many-body perturbation theory beyond HF
gives results in close agreement with tDMRG especially within the 2B
approximation. We find that the TDDFT approach with the ABALDA approximation
produces accurate results for the densities on the impurity site but
overestimates the currents. This problem is found to have its origin in an
overestimation of the lead densities which indicates that the exchange
correlation potential must attain nonzero values in the leads.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure
Correlation effects in bistability at the nanoscale: steady state and beyond
The possibility of finding multistability in the density and current of an
interacting nanoscale junction coupled to semi-infinite leads is studied at
various levels of approximation. The system is driven out of equilibrium by an
external bias and the non-equilibrium properties are determined by real-time
propagation using both time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and
many-body perturbation theory (MBPT). In TDDFT the exchange-correlation effects
are described within a recently proposed adiabatic local density approximation
(ALDA). In MBPT the electron-electron interaction is incorporated in a
many-body self-energy which is then approximated at the Hartree-Fock (HF),
second-Born (2B) and GW level. Assuming the existence of a steady-state and
solving directly the steady-state equations we find multiple solutions in the
HF approximation and within the ALDA. In these cases we investigate if and how
these solutions can be reached through time evolution and how to reversibly
switch between them. We further show that for the same cases the inclusion of
dynamical correlation effects suppresses bistability.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure
Prevalence of age-related hearing loss in Europe: a review
Populations are becoming progressively older thus presenting symptoms of diminished organ function due to degenerative processes. These may be physiological or caused by additional factors damaging the organ. Presbyacusis refers to the physiological age-related changes of the peripheral and central auditory system leading to hearing impairment and difficulty understanding spoken language. In contrast to epidemiological data of other continents, the prevalence of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in Europe is not well defined, due in part to the use of different classification systems. We performed a systematic literature review with the aim of gaining a picture of the prevalence of ARHL in Europe. The review included only population and epidemiological studies in English since 1970 with samples in European countries with subjects aged 60Â years and above. Nineteen studies met our selection criteria and additional five studies reported self-reported hearing impairment. When these data were crudely averaged and interpolated, roughly 30% of men and 20% of women in Europe were found to have a hearing loss of 30Â dB HL or more by age 70Â years, and 55% of men and 45% of women by age 80Â years. Apparent problems in comparing the available data were the heterogeneity of measures and cut-offs for grades of hearing impairment. Our systematic review of epidemiological data revealed more information gaps than information that would allow gaining a meaningful picture of prevalence of ARHL. The need for standardized procedures when collecting and reporting epidemiological data on hearing loss has become evident. Development of hearing loss over time in conjunction with the increase in life expectancy is a major factor determining strategies of detection and correction of ARHL. Thus, we recommend using the WHO classification of hearing loss strictly and including standard audiometric measures in population-based health surveys
Power Loading-Induced Fatigue is Influenced by Menstrual Cycle Phase
Purpose
To examine the effects of fatiguing power-loading on neuromuscular properties, force production, and metabolic capacities during four phases of the menstrual cycle (MC); menstruation (M), mid-follicular (mid FOL), ovulation (OV), and mid-luteal (mid LUT).
Methods
Sixteen eumenorrheic women performed sessions of maximal explosive leg press (2x10 at 60%1RM load with 2 min recovery between sets). Serum hormones and neuromuscular responses were measured.
Results
The loading protocol significantly decreased power (between -14.2% and -12.5%; p < 0.001) and maximal force production (between MVC; -15.0% and -7.8%; p < 0.001â0.05), while decreasing activation level (between AL; -6.9% and -2.2%; p < 0.001â0.05) in all MC-phases. The decreases in AL were greater during mid LUT (p < 0.01) compared to OV. Changes in MVC and AL associated (r2 = 0.53; p < 0.01) at all MC-phases. The decrease in EMG during MVC did not differ between the MC-phases, however, mean power frequency was higher during M (+7.7%; p < 0.05) and mid LUT (+3.1%; p < 0.05) compared to OV (-7.5%). Resting twitch force decreased during mid FOL (-6.9%; p < 0.05) and mid LUT (-16.2%; p < 0.001), and these values were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to OV. In addition, resting twitch force at mid LUT was lower (p < 0.01) compared to M. Blood lactate levels increased more (p < 0.05) during M compared to mid LUT. Some serum hormone concentrations associated with fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular properties and force production, but these correlations behaved differently between the MC-phases.
Conclusions
OV may offer a more favorable hormonal milieu for acute neural responses, while mid FOL and mid LUT appear to be superior for acute muscular responses.peerReviewe
Epidemiology of A3243G, the mutation for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes: prevalence of the mutation in an adult population.
Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by considerable clinical variability and are most often caused by mutations in mtDNA. Because of the phenotypic variability, epidemiological studies of the frequency of these disorders have been difficult to perform. We studied the prevalence of the mtDNA mutation at nucleotide 3243 in an adult population of 245,201 individuals. This mutation is the most common molecular etiology of MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes), one of the clinical entities among the mitochondrial disorders. Patients with diabetes mellitus, sensorineural hearing impairment, epilepsy, occipital brain infarct, ophthalmoplegia, cerebral white-matter disease, basal-ganglia calcifications, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or ataxia were ascertained on the basis of defined clinical criteria and family-history data. A total of 615 patients were identified, and 480 samples were examined for the mutation. The mutation was found in 11 pedigrees, and its frequency was calculated to be >=16. 3/100,000 in the adult population (95% confidence interval 11.3-21. 4/100,000). The mutation had arisen in the population at least nine times, as determined by mtDNA haplotyping. Clinical evaluation of the probands revealed a syndrome that most frequently consisted of hearing impairment, cognitive decline, and short stature. The high prevalence of the common MELAS mutation in the adult population suggests that mitochondrial disorders constitute one of the largest diagnostic categories of neurogenetic diseases
Tympanostomies and tonsillar surgery in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland
Abstract
Objective: To assess the impact of social restrictions due to COVIDâ19 on the number of tympanostomies and tonsillar surgeries in children.
Methods: Incidences were calculated per 100â000 children for tonsillar surgery and tympanostomies in 2020 and compared to the mean incidence of referral years 2017 to 2019 by incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Median waiting times were also compared.
Results: Before the lockdown, tonsillar surgery incidence was 33.4/100000 (IRR 1.14, CI 0.76â1.71) in February 2020. After the lockdown began, the incidence of tonsillar surgery was 1.4/100000 (IRR 0.04, CI 0.01â0.15) in April. In June, tonsillar operation incidence started to increase (20.4 per 100â000). The incidence of tympanostomies was 81% lower (IRR 0.19, CI 0.09â0.39) in April 2020 and 61% lower (IRR 0.39, CI 0.22â0.69) in August 2020 than in 2017â2019. These incidence rates remained lower all year (December 2020 IRR 0.13, CI 0.05â0.33). Median waiting time for tonsillar surgery was 3.3 months in 2020 and 1.6 months in 2017 to 2019; P <.001, and for tympanostomies 1.3 months in 2020 and 1.0 months in 2017 to 2019, P <.001. The referral rate to otorhinolaryngology during the severest restrictions was 35% lower in April and May 2020 compared with the reference years.
Conclusion: This study suggests that the restrictions against COVIDâ19 reduced the incidence rates of tonsil surgery and tympanostomies in children. Also, the lockdown and cancellations of elective operations in spring 2020 led to increased waiting times. These findings may help in preparing for future pandemics