181 research outputs found
Fractional Models of Cosmic Ray Acceleration in the Galaxy
Possible formulations of the problem of cosmic rays acceleration in the
interstellar galactic medium are considered with the use of fractional
differential equations. The applied technique has been physically justified. A
Fermi result has been generalized to the case of the acceleration of particles
in shock waves in the supernovae remnants fractally distributed in the Galaxy.Comment: 10 page
High-T(sub c) squid application in medicine and geophysics
In the Laboratory a high-T(sub c) one-hole squid was built from Y1Ba2Cu3O(7-x) ceramics obtained by a standard procedure of solid state reaction. The ceramics with critical current density J(sub c) is greater than 100 A/sq cm was selected. In the middle of 10 x 10 x 2 mm ceramics pellet a 0.8 mm hole was drilled in which superconducting loop of the squid was located. Between the hole and the edge of the pellet a cut was mechanically filed out with a bridge inside it connecting the superconducting ring. A scheme of the magnetometer is presented. The resonant frequency shift of the tank circuit, the connection of the squid with this circuit, and the squid inductance are evaluated. One of the most interesting fields of the squid-based magnetometer application is biomagnetism, particularly, the human heart magnetocardiogram measuring. The low-temperature squids were used in this area and many interesting and important scientific results have been obtained. The observations have shown that the main noise contribution was not due to the squid but to the Earth's magnetic field variations, industrial inductions, and mainly to the vibrations caused by liquid nitrogen boiling and by vibrations of the box. Further attempts are needed to reduce the magnetic noise inductions. Nevertheless, the estimations promise the maximum signal/noise relation of the high-T(sub c) squid-magnetocardiometer to be not less than 10:1 in a bandwidth of 60 Hz. Apparently, such resolution would be enough not only for steady cardiogram reading but even for thin structure investigation at average technique application
High-T(c) squid application in medicine and geophysics
In our laboratory of high-T(sub c), a one-hole squid was built from Y1Ba2Cu3O(7-x) ceramics obtained by a standard procedure of solid state reaction. The ceramics with critical current density J(sub c) is greater than 100 A/sq cm was selected. In the middle of a 10 x 10 x 2 mm ceramics pellet, a 0.8 mm hole was drilled in which the superconducting loop of the squid was located. Between the hole and the edge of the pellet, a cut was mechanically filed out with a bridge inside it connecting the superconducting ring. A scheme of the magnetometer is presented. The resonant frequency shift of the tank circuit, the connection of the squid with this circuit, and the squid inductance are evaluated. One of the most interesting fields of the squid-based magnetometer application is biomagnetism, particularly, the human heart magnetocardiogram measuring. The low-temperature squids were used in this area and many interesting and important scientific results have been obtained. The observations have shown that the main noise contribution was not due to the squid but to the Earth's magnetic field variations, industrial inductions, and mainly to the vibrations caused by liquid nitrogen boiling and by vibrations of the box. Further attempts are needed to reduce the magnetic noise inductions. Nevertheless, the estimations promise the maximum signal/noise relation of the high-T(sub c) squid-magnetocardiometer to be not less than 10:1 in a bandwidth of 60 Hz. Apparently, such resolution would be enough not only for steady cardiogram reading but even for thin structure investigation at average technique application
Fluctuation relation for a L\'evy particle
We study the work fluctuations of a particle subjected to a deterministic
drag force plus a random forcing whose statistics is of the L\'evy type. In the
stationary regime, the probability density of the work is found to have ``fat''
power-law tails which assign a relatively high probability to large
fluctuations compared with the case where the random forcing is Gaussian. These
tails lead to a strong violation of existing fluctuation theorems, as the ratio
of the probabilities of positive and negative work fluctuations of equal
magnitude behaves in a non-monotonic way. Possible experiments that could probe
these features are proposed.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, RevTeX4; v2: minor corrections and references
added; v3: typos corrected, new conclusion, close to published versio
Direct Josephson coupling between superconducting flux qubits
We have demonstrated strong antiferromagnetic coupling between two
three-junction flux qubits based on a shared Josephson junction, and therefore
not limited by the small inductances of the qubit loops. The coupling sign and
magnitude were measured by coupling the system to a high-quality
superconducting tank circuit. Design modifications allowing to continuously
tune the coupling strength and/or make the coupling ferromagnetic are
discussed.Comment: REVTeX 4, 4 pages, 5 figures; v2: completely rewritten, added
finite-temperature results and proposals for ferromagnetic galvanic couplin
Characteristics of air showers created by extremely high energy gamma-rays
The technique of adjoint cascade equations has been applied to calculate the
properties of extremely high energy gamma-rays in the energy range 10^18--10^22
eV with taking into account the LPM effect and interactions of gamma-rays with
the geomagnetic field. Such characteristics are analysed as the electron and
muon contents at the observation level, the electron cascade curves, the
lateral distribution functions of photoproduced muons.Comment: 36 pages, 19 figures, submitted to J.Phys.G: Nucl.Part.Phy
Four-qubit device with mixed couplings
We present the first experimental results on a device with more than two
superconducting qubits. The circuit consists of four three-junction flux
qubits, with simultaneous ferro- and antiferromagnetic coupling implemented
using shared Josephson junctions. Its response, which is dominated by the
ground state, is characterized using low-frequency impedance measurement with a
superconducting tank circuit coupled to the qubits. The results are found to be
in excellent agreement with the quantum-mechanical predictions.Comment: REVTeX 4, 5pp., 7 EPS figure files. N.B.: "Alec" is my first, and
"Maassen van den Brink" my family name. v2: final published version, with
changed title, different sample micrograph, and several clarification
Probing Noise in Flux Qubits via Macroscopic Resonant Tunneling
Macroscopic resonant tunneling between the two lowest lying states of a
bistable RF-SQUID is used to characterize noise in a flux qubit. Measurements
of the incoherent decay rate as a function of flux bias revealed a Gaussian
shaped profile that is not peaked at the resonance point, but is shifted to a
bias at which the initial well is higher than the target well. The r.m.s.
amplitude of the noise, which is proportional to the decoherence rate 1/T_2^*,
was observed to be weakly dependent on temperature below 70 mK. Analysis of
these results indicates that the dominant source of low frequency (1/f) flux
noise in this device is a quantum mechanical environment in thermal
equilibrium.Comment: 4 pages 4 figure
Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Symmetric Stable Distributions -- Empirical Characteristic Function Approach
We consider goodness-of-fit tests of symmetric stable distributions based on
weighted integrals of the squared distance between the empirical characteristic
function of the standardized data and the characteristic function of the
standard symmetric stable distribution with the characteristic exponent
estimated from the data. We treat as an unknown parameter,
but for theoretical simplicity we also consider the case that is
fixed. For estimation of parameters and the standardization of data we use
maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and an equivariant integrated squared error
estimator (EISE) which minimizes the weighted integral. We derive the
asymptotic covariance function of the characteristic function process with
parameters estimated by MLE and EISE. For the case of MLE, the eigenvalues of
the covariance function are numerically evaluated and asymptotic distribution
of the test statistic is obtained using complex integration. Simulation studies
show that the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is very accurate.
We also present a formula of the asymptotic covariance function of the
characteristic function process with parameters estimated by an efficient
estimator for general distributions
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