Morphometric Evaluation of Coccyx with Microcomputed Tomography (Micro CT) and Computed Tomography (CT) Technology

Aim%253A We investigated the coccyx anatomy accurately in detail by microcomputed tomography (micro CT) and computed tomography (CT) to contribute to the data related to the coccyx anatomy and the potential clinical contribution of these datas in the treatment of coccyxs pathologies. Material and Methods%253A Twenty coccyges from embalmed cadavers were examined with a micro CT device. The inferior part of the sacrum and coccyx together with the surrounding soft tissue was removed safely. The tissue was scanned with a micro CT device, and all parameters were measured with micro CT image viewer programs. CT images of 29 patients without coccyx pathology were measured with OsiriX programs. Measured morphometric parameters with micro CT and CT were evaluated using statistical methods. Results%253A Generally, the morphometric parameters as mean values were larger in males than in females. Mean values for vertical length and coccyx width were higher for CT compared with micro CT images. Coccyx was more flat in the frontal plane in females. There were statistically significant differences between the micro CT and CT images regarding mean vertical length, width, lateral deviation angle, and sacrococcygeal angle and length of the vertebrae (p lt%253B 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in number and width of the vertebrae (p gt%253B 0.05). Conclusion%253A We suggest that examining the normal coccyx morphology will help to better understand and treat the pathologic conditions of the coccyx. We believe our findings will contribute to the data related to the coccyx anatomy

Articulaiıo Talocruralis Morfometrisinin Anatomik Olarak Normal Eklem Yapısına Sahip Bireylerin Radyografilerinde Değerlendirilmesi

The traumas of talocrural joint is very common in population. Therefore; the anatomy and morphometry of this joint has a great importance. The aim of this study was to examine the morphometry of talocrural joint in a large series of patients according to age and sex in order to add some new knowledge to the literature. In the thesis study; the talocrural joint radiographs of 274 anatomically normal patients (134 males, 140 females) were examined. The morphometric measurements of the defined parameters were done and their statistical analysis were performed according to age and sex. From our parameters; measurement of the mediolateral diameter of tibia (TML), measurement of the mediolateral diameter of fibula (FML), surface area measurement of trochlea tali (TTA) and SİGMA angles were firstly defined in this study. Additionally; the innermost distance of talocrural joint (ATİ), the outermost distance of talocrural joint (ATD), the angles in between the medial malleolus and talus (DELTA, GAMA), the angles in between the lateral malleolus and talus (ALFA, BETA) and the sagittal measurement of trochlea tali (TSU) were also measured. In the comparison of TML, FML, TTA, ATİ, ATD measurements and ALFA angle in both sexes; they were found to be higher in males than in females. However; TSU, SİGMA and BETA angles were found to be higher in females, when compared with males. The DELTA and GAMA angles were nearly the same in both sexes. These morphometric analyses were performed in a huge number of anatomically normal patients’ radiographs and therefore; we believe that the study will add a new knowledge to the literature, will help to the clinicians who are dealing with the ankle joint and will be useful for the companies who are working on implant technology.İÇİNDEKİLER ONAY SAYFASI iii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iv ETİK BEYAN v TEŞEKKÜR vi ÖZET vii ABSTRACT viii İÇİNDEKİLER ix SİMGELER ve KISALTMALAR xi ŞEKİLLER xii GRAFİKLER xiii TABLOLAR xiv 1. GİRİŞ xiv 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 3 2.1. Embriyoloji 3 2.1.1. Kemik Gelişimi 3 2.1.2. Eklemlerin Gelişimi 4 2.2. Histoloji 5 2.2.1. Kemik Dokusu 5 2.2.2. Kıkırdak Dokusu 5 2.2.3. Eklem Histolojisi 6 2.2.4. Sinovyum’un Histolojisi 6 2.3. Anatomi 7 2.3.1. Ekstremite Anatomisi 7 2.3.2. Eklem Anatomisi 8 2.4. Articulatio Talocruralis’in Biyomekaniği 11 2.5. Klinik 13 2.6. Radyoloji 14 3. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEMLER 16 3.1. Çalışma Grubu 16 3.2. Görüntü Değerlendirme Yöntemi 16 3.3. Verilerin Toplanması 17 x 3.3.1. Anteroposterior Radyografik Ölçümler 17 3.3.2. Laterolateral Radyografilerde Yapılan Ölçümler 22 3.4. İstatistiksel Analizler 26 4. BULGULAR 27 4.1. Veri Analizi 27 4.1.1. Değişkenlerin Tanımlayıcı İstatistikleri ile Cinsiyet ve Yaş Gruplarına Göre Değerlendirilmesi 28 4.2. Değişkenlerin Cinsiyet ve Yaş Gruplarına Göre Değerlendirilmesi 30 4.2.1. Tibia’nın Mediolateral Çapının Ölçülmesi TML 30 4.2.2. Fibula’nın Mediolateral Çapının Ölçülmesi (FML) 31 4.2.3 SİGMA Açısı 33 4.2.4. Trochlea Tali’nin Sagittal (TSU) Uzunluğunun Ölçülmesi 35 4.2.5. Trochlea Tali Arcus’unun Lateral veya Medial Yüzey Alanının Hesaplanması (TTA) 37 4.2.6. Articulatio Talocruralis’in En İç Mesafelerinin Ölçülmesi (ATİ) 39 4.2.7. Articulatio Talocruralis’in En Dış Mesafelerinin Ölçülmesi (ATD) 41 4.2.8. ALFA Açısının Ölçülmesi 43 4.2.9. BETA Açısının Ölçülmesi 45 4.2.10. DELTA Açısının Ölçülmesi 47 4.2.11. GAMA Açısının Ölçülmesi 49 4.3. Değişkenlerin Birbirleri İle İlişkileri 51 4.3.1. Yaş ve Cinsiyet Olmaksızın Değişkenlerin İlişki Analizi 52 4.3.2. Yaş Gruplarına Göre Değişkenlerin İlişki Analizi 56 4.3.3. Cinsiyete Göre Değişkenlerin İlişki Analizi 77 5. TARTIŞMA 83 6. SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER 88 7. KAYNAKLAR 91 8. EKLER Ek 1. Tez Çalışması ile ilgili Etik Kurul İzinleri 9. ÖZGEÇMİŞArticulatio talocruralis travmalarına toplumda çok sık rastlanması nedeniyle bu eklemin anatomik yapısı ve morfometrisinin çok iyi bilinmesi gereklidir. Çalışmanın amacı; articulatio talocruralis morfometrisinin yaş grupları ve cinsiyet parametrelerine göre geniş serilerde değerlendirilerek literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Tez çalışmasında, ayak bileği ekleminde herhangi bir patolojisi bulunmayan ve eklemin anatomik olarak normal olduğu tespit edilen 274 bireyin (134 erkek, 140 kadın) ayak bileği radyografileri incelendi. Tanımlanan parametrelerin morfometrik ölçümleri yapılarak elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirmeleri yaşa ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak karşılaştırıldı. Morfometrik ölçümlerini yaptığımız parametreler arasında yer alan tibia’nın mediolateral çapının ölçümü (TML), fibula’nın mediolateral çapının ölçümü (FML), trochlea tali’nin yüzey alanı ölçümü (TTA) ve SİGMA açısı değerleri literatürde ilk defa bizim tarafımızdan tarif edilmiştir. Ayrıca; çalışmada articulatio talocruralis’in en iç noktaları arasındaki mesafe (ATİ), articulatio talocruralis’in en dış noktaları arasındaki mesafe (ATD), malleolus medialis ile talus arasındaki açılar (DELTA, GAMA) malleolus lateralis ile talus arasındaki açılar (ALFA, BETA) ve trochlea tali’nin sagittal uzunluğu (TSU) ölçüldü. Tez çalışmamızda, cinsiyetler arasında TML, FML, TTA, ATİ, ATD uzunlukları ve ALFA açısı değerlendirildiğinde; erkeklere ait verilerin kadınlardan daha fazla olduğu tespit edildi. Bununla birlikte; kadınlarda TSU, SİGMA ve BETA açılarının erkeklerden daha yüksek olduğu bulundu. DELTA ve GAMA açıları her iki cinsiyette karşılaştırıldığında; erkek ve kadınlarda yaklaşık olarak eşit değerler saptandı. Geniş serilerde ve normal bireylere ait articulatio talocruralis radyografilerinde gerçekleştirilen bu morfometrik analizlerin literatüre katkı sağlayacağını, ayak bileği ile ilgilenen hekimlere yol göstereceğini ve implant teknolojisi üreten firmalara önemli bir katkı sağlayacağını düşünmekteyiz

Thought, Attitudes, and Practices of the Anatomy Departments on Receiving and Embalming Cadavers During the Pandemic Process

During the Covid-19 pandemic that has marked the last years, while governments tried to control the spread of the virus, many-body donation programs were suspended due to difficulties that could potentially be encountered. Given the low body donation acceptance rates during this period, through this study we aimed to evaluate academics' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in cadaver acceptance and embalming practices during the pandemic. The research population of thestudy consisted of the faculty of 112 universities in Turkey who taught in under graduate and graduate programs in the Anatomy Department in 2020. An electronic questionnaire of 24 items, including demographic data, was distributed to the participants' official e-mail addresses. In addition, support was received from the Turkish Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy Society, whose members were also approached through their official group e-mail accounts. Answers were collected from 78 (39 %) out of 200 academics. The findings of the study were under 5 headings (information about cadaver donation and imported cadavers, attitude towards importation of cadavers and acceptance of body donations, precautions against contagion in importation of cadavers and acceptance of body donations and thoughts on their adequacy, considerations for adoption of cadavers for post-graduation education, advice on avoiding contagion in cadaver embalming) were collected and analyzed. The study high lights the importance of cadaver acceptance and embalming practices for medical education to minimally continue in the post-pandemic period. It can also serve as a reference for being cautious when faced with similar situations in the future

Sex determination from the radiographic measurements of calcaneus*

Objectives: The main reason why the calcaneus is chosen for the sex determination is due to its solid structure and resistance to postmortem changes. The comparison of calcanei in radiographies ensures the determination of the sex of corpses whose sex is unknown. A number of skeletons that have been studied as part of the sex determination studies, as well as the variability extents of the male and female samples in the physical and forensic anthropologies which deal with the analysis of the past and present biodiversity, provide information for the observation of data like age, height and sex that are essential for identification. Methods: In this study, we used the radiographies of patients in the Radiology Department of TOBB University of Economics and Technology Hospital. A total of 143 individuals (including 66 male and 77 female patients) whose calcanei were anatomically normal were involved in the study. The participating individuals were divided into three groups: Group 1 consisted of individuals born in and before 1970, Group 2 consisted of individuals born between 1971 and 1985, and Group 3 consisted of individuals born in and after 1986. Sex distribution was similar in each of the three age groups. Metric and non-metric methods were used in the process of identification held with the aim of sex distinction. Metric measurements were made for eight parameters of the calcaneus, e.g. maximum width, body width, maximum length, minimum length, height of the facies articularis cuboidea, tuber angle, front angle and the tuber plantar angle. Results: The maximum, minimum and average values of the conducted measurements were obtained. In each of the age groups, differences were observed between the metric lengths of the female and male parameters. Groups 1 and 2 showed similarities in the angular (alpha, beta, sigma) lengths and Group 3 showed similar values in alpha and sigma angles. A statistically significant difference was observed in the beta angle of Group 3. When all of the measurements of the three groups were compared, the maximum height, the minimum height and alpha angle showed similarities, whereas in other parameters a statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion: This study reveals the importance of calcaneus in the sex determination and suggests that it can be used as an alternative method in the forensic anthropology and forensic sciences

Can Lateral Offset Be Used as a Predictive Marker for Proximal Femur Disorders?

When the lateral offset (LO) changes, the forces acting on the head and neck of the femur change. Increase or decrease in LO can cause instability and possible dislocation of the implant. In addition, when the offset is reduced, more force is needed to balance the pelvis by the abductor muscles, and the force that occurs along the hip joint increases and causes wear and tear. In this study we aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between LO and proximal femur morphology, and according to the results we aimed to investigate whether the LO can be used as a predictive marker for the risk of femoral neck fractures, osteoarthritis or femoroacetabular impingement. Methods: Femur length, femur neck length, femoral neck–shaft angle (NSA), anteroposterior (a–p) and superoinferior (s–i) diameters of femoral head and neck, and LO were measured on 82 dry adult femora of unknown age and gender from Turkish population. Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between the LO and a–p and s–i diameters of femoral head or neck. However, there was found statistically significant correlation between LO and femoral NSA (p < 0.01), femoral neck length (p < 0.05) and femur length (p < 0.01). Conclusion: High LO values can be used as an indicator for neck fractures, a negative marker for OA, but LO does not appear to be used as an indicator for FAI. © 2021, Indian Orthopaedics Association