Purification, molecular cloning and functional characterization of flavonoid C-glucosyltransferases from Fagopyrum esculentum M. (buckwheat) cotyledon

C-Glycosides are characterized by their C-C bonds in which the anomeric carbon of the sugar moieties is directly bound to the carbon atom of aglycon. C-Glycosides are remarkably stable, as their C-C bonds are resistant to glycosidase or acid hydrolysis. A variety of plant species are known to accumulate C-glycosylflavonoidshowever, the genes encoding for enzymes that catalyze C-glycosylation of flavonoids have been identified only from Oryza sativa (rice) and Zea mays (maize), and have not been identified from dicot plants. In this study, we identified the C-glucosyltransferase gene from the dicot plant Fagopyrum esculentumM. (buckwheat). We purified two isozymes from buckwheat seedlings that catalyze C-glucosylation of 2-hydroxyflavanones, which are expressed specifically in the cotyledon during seed germination. Following purification we isolated the cDNA corresponding to each isozyme [FeCGTa (UGT708C1) and FeCGTb (UGT708C2)]. When expressed in Escherichia coli, both proteins demonstrated C-glucosylation activity towards 2-hydroxyflavanones, dihydrochalcone, trihydroxyacetophenones and other related compounds with chemical structures similar to 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of plant glycosyltransferases shows that flavonoid C-glycosyltransferases form a different clade with other functionally analyzed plant glycosyltransferases.ArticlePLANT JOURNAL. 80(3):437-448 (2014)journal articl

<日本近代礼法>の形成過程(3)

本論文では、前号に引き続き、風俗習慣、学校教育、近代天皇制、および礼法書を検討しながら、の形成過程を略述する。第3節の(2)では、明治三十年代半ばから明治末期にかけてのの形成過程を論じる。この時期、特に日露戦争後の社会のアノミー化に対して、文部省は、天皇制教育における学校儀式を再編し、作法教授要項を作成・発表した。一方、国民の間にも「国民作法」制定を希望する声があった。この結果、書名に「国民作法」を掲げる礼法書が数多く出版されたが、そこには「臣民」重視のものと「市民」重視のものとが混在していた。そして、「礼節」だけでなく「社交」を扱う作法書も徐々に増え、そのなかから洗練された合理主義的な礼法理論を展開する作法書も現れた。In this paper, I outline the formation of Japanese modern courtesy and etiquette in the latter half of the Meiji period by examining manners and customs, school education, the modern Emperor system, and etiquette books. In Section 4, I study the formation of Japanese modern courtesy and etiquette during the period from the turn of the century to the end of the Meiji period, during which the Ministry of Education reorganized school ceremonies on national holidays, and drew out and issued the official manuals of courtesy and etiquette for students (sahou-kyouju-youkou) in order to preserve order against the anomic state of Japanese society, especially after the Russo-Japanese War, and people hoped that a "national etiquette" (kokumin-reihou) would be institued. Many books titled "national etiquette" were published, but some of them made much of the position of a Japanese subject, and the other took account of the viewpoint of a citizen. More etiquette books had treated of sociability as well as orderliness, and a few of them developed an elaborated and rationalistic justification of changing courtesy and etiquette

「隣接ペア」再考

「隣接ペア」は会話分析の最重要概念となっており、疑問の余地のないものであるかのように長く扱われてきたが、その定義はかなり形式化されたものであり、それゆえの曖昧さを伴っている。その結果、隣接ペアは一様なものと見なされてきた。この形式的な一様性に対し、隣接ペアを定式化したシェグロフ自身が3つのペア・タイプを区別している。確かに、彼の見方は発話間の関係を理解するうえでは有用だが、隣接ペア相互の関係や隣接ペアと会話全体との関係を分析するにはあまり役に立たない。そこで、会話構造という観点を導入することによって、個々の隣接ペアの独自性を明確にし、会話の全体構造の見取り図に位置づけることが可能になる。Adjacency pairs have become one of the most inportant notions in Conversation Analysis (CA) , and have long been treated as if they were unquestionalbe, but CA\u27s definition of them is really formalistic and therefore is loose. Consequently, adjacency pairs have been considered nearly uniform. To break this formal uniformity, E. Schegloff, who formulated the denfinition, tried distinguishing among the three pair-types. Indeed his viewpoint about pair-type is useful to grasp the relationships between utterances, but is almost useless to analyze the conections between adjacency pairs and the relationships of some adjacency pair to an overall conversation a part of which it constitutes. Instead, the viewpoint of conversation strucure would enable us to find the identity of each adjacency pair and locate some of the adjacency pairs on a "sketch map" of the structre of an overall conversation

<日本近代礼法>の形成過程(2)

本論では、前号に引き続き、風俗習慣、学校教育、近代天皇制、および礼法書を検討しながら、の形成過程を略述する。第3節の(1)では、明治二十年代から三十年代初頭にかけてのの形成過程を考察する。この時期、全面的な復古傾向とナショナリズムを背景にして、一時見捨てられた風俗習慣が復活してゆき、女子教育の方針が「賢母良妻」養成となり、「御真影」への最敬礼を含んだ祝祭日儀式の遂行が学校の教師および生徒たちに義務づけられていった。この結果、「女礼式」の復活・強化や天皇の神聖化が進んでいったが、その一方で、礼法における男女の無差別化や礼法の簡略化の傾向も徐々に生まれていった。In this paper, I outline the formation of Japanese modern courtesy and etiquette in the latter half of the Meiji Era by examining manners and customs, school education, the modern Emperor system, and etiquette books. In Section 3, I study the formation of Japanese modern courtesy and etiquette during the period from ca. 1887 to the last years of the 1890s, during which old abondoned manners and customs revived due to the general restorationism and nationalism, the educational policy of making schoolgirls "wise mothers and good wives" (kenbo-ryousai) was developed by the Ministry of Education, and teachers and pupils were bound by a rule to perform a ceremmony on national holidays which began with making a very deep bow to the Emperor\u27s icon (goshinei) and ended with singing a song in praise of the Imperial House. While many books on the properties for women (joreisiki) were published and the consecration of the Emperor and the Imperial House was strengthened through ritualization, sexism and formalism in courtesy and etiquette was weakened little by little

Broadband Seismic Deployments for Imaging the Upper Mantle Structure in the Lützow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica

Broadband seismic deployments have been carried out in the Lützow-Holm Bay region (LHB), Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The recorded teleseismic and local events are of sufficient quality to image the structure and dynamics of the crust and mantle of the terrain. Passive seismic studies by receiver functions and shear wave splitting suggest a heterogeneous upper mantle. Depth variations in topography for upper mantle discontinuities were derived from long period receiver function, indicating a shallow depth discontinuity at 660 km beneath the continental area of LHB. These results provide evidence of paleo upwelling of the mantle plume associated with Gondwana break-up. SKS splitting analysis anticipated a relationship between “fossil” anisotropy in lithospheric mantle and past tectonics. Moreover, active source surveys (DSSs) imaged lithospheric mantle reflections involving regional tectonic stress during Pan-African and succeeding extension regime at the break-up. By combining the active and passive source studies of the mantle structure, we propose an evolution model of LHB for constructing the present mantle structure