Análise de metilxantinas em dezesseis progênies de erva mate extraídas por dióxido de carbono supercrítico.

A Ilex paraguariensis apresenta grande potencial de utilização pela diversidade de seus compostos químicos. Dentre os principais grupos de compostos presentes em erva mate citam-se as metilxantinas, com predominância de cafeína, teobromina e traços de teofilina. Na quantificação convencional destes compostos utiliza-se extração com solvente orgânico que expressa o conteúdo total de cafeína presente na amostra. Como forma alternativa de obtenção das metilxantinas pode-se utilizar a extração por fluído supercrítico (EFSC). Esta extração caracteriza-se pela obtenção de produtos de elevada qualidade, sem as inconveniências de resíduos de solventes e alterações nas propriedades do extrato presente na extração convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar metilxantinas presentes nas amostras de dezesseis progênies oriundas de quatro procedências (Ivaí/PR, Barão de Cotegipe/RS, Quedas do Iguaçu/PR e Cascavel/PR), cultivadas em três localidades (Ivaí/PR, Rio Azul/PR e Guarapuava/PR) utilizando a extração por solventes orgânicos e pela EFSC usando como solvente o CO2. As metilxantinas foram quantificadas por HPLC e espectrometria comparando-se com padrão. Os teores médios de metilxantinas, correspondendo à soma de cafeína e teobromina, foram de 19,112 mg/100 g nas progênies de Ivaí/PR, 8,906 mg/100 g nas progênies de Rio Azul/PR e de 12,796 mg/100 g nas progênies de Guarapuava/PR. Ao compararmos a extração supercrítica com a extração convencional de cafeína os valores médios encontrados foram de 2,808±0,7 % para Ivaí/PR, 1,537±0,2 % em Rio Azul/PR e 1,728±0,5 % para Guarapuava/PR. A EFSC usando o dióxido de carbono como solvente aliada à análise HPLC mostrou-se eficiente na caracterização e quantificação das metilxantinas presentes nas amostras analisadas.Seção: Controle de Qualidade/ Composição Química. Feira do Agronegócio da Erva-mate, 1., 2003, Chapecó. Integrar para promover o agronegócio da erva-mate

Changes in contributions of different Anopheles vector species to malaria transmission in east and southern Africa from 2000 to 2022

Background: Malaria transmission in Africa is facilitated by multiple species of Anopheles mosquitoes. These vectors have different behaviors and vectorial capacities and are affected differently by vector control interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. This review aimed to assess changes in the contribution of different vector species to malaria transmission in east and southern Africa over 20 years of widespread insecticide-based vector control. Methods: We searched PubMed, Global Health, and Web of Science online databases for articles published between January 2000 and April 2023 that provided species-specific sporozoite rates for different malaria vectors in east and southern Africa. We extracted data on study characteristics, biting rates, sporozoite infection proportions, and entomological inoculation rates (EIR). Using EIR data, the proportional contribution of each species to malaria transmission was estimated. Results: Studies conducted between 2000 and 2010 identified the Anopheles gambiae complex as the primary malaria vector, while studies conducted from 2011 to 2021 indicated the dominance of Anopheles funestus. From 2000 to 2010, in 57% of sites, An. gambiae demonstrated higher parasite infection prevalence than other Anopheles species. Anopheles gambiae also accounted for over 50% of EIR in 76% of the study sites. Conversely, from 2011 to 2021, An. funestus dominated with higher infection rates than other Anopheles in 58% of sites and a majority EIR contribution in 63% of sites. This trend coincided with a decline in overall EIR and the proportion of sporozoite-infected An. gambiae. The main vectors in the An. gambiae complex in the region were Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), while the important member of the An. funestus group was An. funestus s.s. Conclusion: The contribution of different vector species in malaria transmission has changed over the past 20 years. As the role of An. gambiae has declined, An. funestus now appears to be dominant in most settings in east and southern Africa. Other secondary vector species may play minor roles in specific localities. To improve malaria control in the region, vector control should be optimized to match these entomological trends, considering the different ecologies and behaviors of the dominant vector species

Resposta da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) a adubação, no Município de Seberí, RS.

bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/44317/1/pesq-andam-85.PD

Resposta da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) a adubação, no Município de Taquaruçu do Sul, RS

bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/44320/1/pesq-andam-86.PD

Evolução Diferencial com ensemble de Operadores de Mutação em GPGPUs para o Despacho Econômico de Energia Elétrica

O Problema do Despacho Econômico de Energia Elétrica (PDEE) visa minimizar o custo de produção de energia de uma usina termoelétrica. Após a aná- lise do algoritmo sequencial, neste trabalho, o PDEE será tratado com um algoritmo paralelo para GPGPUs em CUDA. O algoritmo proposto é uma Evolução Diferencial (ED) utilizando a técnica de ensemble de operadores de mutação. A ED é uma técnica estocástica de otimização baseada em população, desenvolvida para a otimização de valores reais enquanto o ensemble de operadores de mutação permite que várias confi- gurações de parâmetros e estratégias possam ser utilizadas em cada etapa da evolução do algoritmo. Três instâncias de teste, considerando os efeitos de ponto de válvula, são adotadas para verificar a eficiência do método proposto. Os resultados obtidos são favoravelmente comparados com aqueles descritos na literatura da área em termos de qualidade das soluções obtidas. A versão paralela obteve speedups significativos mantendo a boa qualidade das soluções encontradas.

Report on consumer acceptability tests of NARITA hybrids in Tanzania and Uganda

Consumer acceptability tests of NARITA hybrids were conducted with a total of 572 randomly selected men and women farmers from 5 sites in different agro-ecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda (Maruku, Mitalula and Moshi in Tanzania; Kawanda and Mbarara in Uganda). Evaluations were done between July and November 2018 under the project ‘Improvement of banana for smallholder farmers in the Great Lakes Region of Africa’. At each site, focus group discussions (FGDs) were first conducted with different age groups: young women, young men (35 years) to ascertain the main products households make using cooking banana cultivars and the preparation method. The most important product was then prepared in each site - steamed matooke in both Uganda sites and boiled fingers in all Tanzania sites. On a given day, about 100 farmers were each provided with coded samples of four NARITA hybrids plus one local check and asked to rate each sample on a 5-point hedonic scale for the following attributes: colour, aroma, texture in hand, taste, mouthfeel and overall acceptability. This report provides results that can help inform the selection of the best NARITAs to take on-farm and subsequent varietal release

Drug resistant epilepsy and associated factors among children with epilepsies in tanzania : a cross-sectional study

Abstract: BackgroundEpilepsy contributes to high morbidity among children and adolescents in developing countries. A quarter of all children with epilepsy will be resistant to anti-seizure medications (ASMs), with associated neurocognitive impairments and risk of higher mortality. This study aimed to estimate and characterize drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) (defined as failure to achieve sustained remission after adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen ASMs) and its associated factors among children and adolescents with epilepsies attending the pediatric neurology clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam Tanzania.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2020 to June 2021. Children with epilepsies and who had been treated with ASMs for at least 3 months were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included children whose caregivers denied consent and those who exhibited acute medical conditions necessitating admission on the scheduled visit day. Data on demographic characteristics, perinatal history, detailed history of the seizures semiology, drug history, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electroencephalography (EEG) results were obtained from caregivers and medical records available during recruitment. Seizures and epilepsies were classified using the 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with DRE.ResultsA total of 236 children and adolescents aged between 4 months and 15 years (Median age 72 months (IQR = 42-78)) were enrolled in this study. We found the proportion of DRE to be 14.8% in this cohort. Of the thirty-five patients with DRE, 60% had generalized epilepsy and almost 25% had a diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome, the most common being Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Structural abnormalities on brain MRI were seen in almost 80% of all patients with DRE, the most prevalent being cystic encephalomalacia, which was observed in 34% of patients. Patients using both ASMs and alternative therapies accounted for 9% of this cohort. The onset of seizures during the first month of life (aOR = 1.99; 95%CI 1.7-4.6; p = 0.031) and high initial seizure frequency (aOR = 3.6; 95%CI 1.6-8;p = 0.002) were found to be independently associated with DRE.ConclusionThe proportion of DRE in Tanzania is high. Patients with neonatal onset seizures and high initial seizure frequency should be followed up closely to ensure early diagnosis of DRE

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Steam-Treated Sugarcane Bagasse: Effect of Enzyme Loading and Substrate Total Solids on Its Fractal Kinetic Modeling and Rheological Properties

Rheological studies and fractal kinetic modeling were applied to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (195 °C, 7.5 min) using Cellic CTec3 cellulases (Novozymes). Initially, a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was performed to evaluate the effect of different enzyme loadings and substrate total solids (TS) on both substrate apparent viscosity and kinetic parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis at 20% TS for 12 and 96 h using 38.6 FPU g^–1 glucan released 52 and 110 g L^–1 glucose equivalents from the steam-exploded material, respectively, with cellobiose being always below 1.7% of these readings. Fractal kinetic modeling provided a good fit of both glucan and xylan conversions, and the fractal kinetic parameters <i>k</i> and <i>h</i> had a strong correlation with changes in both substrate TS and enzyme loading. At the center point of the CCRD, Cellic CTec3 caused a decrease of 1 order of magnitude in the substrate apparent viscosity at every 6 h of hydrolysis. Cellic HTec3 had a boosting effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cane bagasse glucans regardless of the low hemicellulose content of the steam-treated material. Glucan hydrolysis was improved by 8% when 10% Cellic HTec3 was added to a hydrolysis mixture containing Cellic CTec3 at 38.6 FPU g^–1 glucan. With this, a total production of 120 g L^–1 glucose was achieved at 72 h using 20% TS

Forage availability and its quality in the dry season on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania

Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A, 2008, 58: 196 - 204The study was conducted on smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania. A number of forage species and feed supplements were collected and analysed. Panicum maximum and P. purpureum constituted the bulky forage in about 20 and 11 households, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of P. maximum and P. purpureum ranged from 6.5 to 8.5% and 7.8 to 10.2% while in vitro dry matter digestibility ranged from 44 to 50 and 48 to 51%, respectively. The mineral content of these two grasses were adequate for Ca but 95% of the forages were deficient in Cu and Zn and 84% in P. The CP content of multipurpose tree leaf was 3 4 times higher than that of grasses. In conclusion, the study revealed that dairy farmers depended solely on natural grasses and crop residues, which are low in CP, digestibility and mineral content

Forage availability and its quality in the dry season on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania

Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A, 2008, 58: 196 - 204The study was conducted on smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania. A number of forage species and feed supplements were collected and analysed. Panicum maximum and P. purpureum constituted the bulky forage in about 20 and 11 households, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of P. maximum and P. purpureum ranged from 6.5 to 8.5% and 7.8 to 10.2% while in vitro dry matter digestibility ranged from 44 to 50 and 48 to 51%, respectively. The mineral content of these two grasses were adequate for Ca but 95% of the forages were deficient in Cu and Zn and 84% in P. The CP content of multipurpose tree leaf was 3 4 times higher than that of grasses. In conclusion, the study revealed that dairy farmers depended solely on natural grasses and crop residues, which are low in CP, digestibility and mineral content