Electrical conductivities of alkylammonium chlorides in water at 25C ut to 3000kg/cm2

The conductivities of dilute aqueous solutions of mono-n-propyl-, di-n-propyl-, mono-n-hexyl-, and mono-n-octylammonium chlorides were measured at 25℃ as a function of pressure. The limiting equivalent conductivities of the alkylammonium salts were determined by the Fuoss-Onsager equation up to 3000kg/cm^2 (1kg/cm^2=0.9678×10^5 Pa) and the limiting equivalent conductivities of the alkylammonium ions were obtained up to 2000kg/cm^2, using the transference numbers by Kay et al. and the conductivities by Nakahara et al. for aqueous KCl solutions. The limiting equivalent conductivity of each salt has a maximum against pressure, while that of the corresponding cation decreases monotonously with increasing pressure like the methyl and the ethyl substituted ammonium ions studied previously. The Walden products of these alkylammonium ions at infinite dilution decrease with increasing pressure. The negative pressure coefficient of the Walden product of the alkylammonium ion leads us to the conclusion that the water density in the vicinity of the alkyl group is higher than in the bulk

More than the “Wife Corps”: Female Tenant Farmer Struggle in 1920s Japan

AbstractStruggles over social reproduction intensified and took on new forms in Japan during the interwar period, as the state found it increasingly difficult to secure the foundations for the continued accumulation of capital. Landlord-tenant disputes that erupted nationwide in the midst of Japan's post-World War I agricultural recession was one concrete manifestation of these struggles. While the significance of tenant disputes has been analyzed in great detail by scholars, there has been a surprising lack of historical scholarship on the role that female tenant farmers played within them. This absence is a manifestation of two tendencies: First, gendered assumptions surrounding the figure of the tenant farmer have led scholars of agrarian social movements to work from a relatively limited understanding of what constitutes struggle and by extension, who its protagonists have been. Second, the conflation of waged work as productive work and by extension, non-waged work as unproductive has unwittingly relegated many forms of struggle that working women participated in to the realm of the pre-political. This paper contends that far from being mere supporters – the wife corps – of what was ultimately a male-driven movement, female participants in tenant disputes produced their own powerful critiques of the way that the Japanese state and capital undervalued their lives and labor. As such, they should be understood as one link in a rich history of proletarian feminist struggle both within and outside of the Japanese empire

The electrical conductivities of NH4Cl and MenNH4-nCl(n=1,2,3) in water

The electrical conductivities of NH_4Cl, MeNH_3Cl, Me_2NH_2Cl and Me_3NHCl in water were measured at 25℃ up to 3000kg/cm^2 from about 5 to 50×10^-4 N. The limiting equivalent conductivities of the salts at high pressure were determined from the Fuoss-Onsager equation and the limiting equivalent conductivities of the component ions were obtained up to 2000kg/cm^2, using the transference numbers by Kay et al. and the conductivities by Nakahara et al. for aqueous KCl solutions. The pressure coefficients of the Walden product of the ammonium ions studied are negative at normal pressure and the pressure dependence of the Walden product becomes stronger as the methyl group increase. This would suggest that both the decrease in the electrostatic interaction and the increase in the interaction between the methyl group and water make the ionic Walden product reduce with increasing pressure, and that the density of water about the methyl group would be larger than that of the bulk water

3000kgcm2マデノ25ドニオケルエンカアルキルアンモニウムスイヨウエキノデンキデンドウド

京都大学0048新制・課程博士理学博士甲第1783号理博第417号新制||理||236(附属図書館)5091UT51-52-C115京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻(主査)教授 大杉 治郎, 教授 山本 常信, 教授 藤永 太一郎学位規則第5条第1項該当Kyoto UniversityDA

The electrical conductivity of [Co(NH3)5NO2]SO4 in aqueous solution under high pressure

The electrical conductivity of aqueous [Co(NH_3)_5NO_2]SO_4 solution has been measured as a function of pressure up to 3, 000kg/cm^2 for concentrations from 2.0×10^-4 to 1.0×10^-3N at the temperatures of 15, 25 and 40℃. The equivalent conductance at infinite dilution, Λ°, has a maximum against pressure. The pressure of this maximum conductance has been found to be higher than that of the minimum viscosity of water at each temperature. These phenomena may be attributed to the decrease in the effective radii of the hydrated ions with increasing pressure. The hydration numbers of the ions estimated by the Robinson-Stokes method are little changed by pressure and temperature. Both the closest approach distance of the ion-pair, a, calculated by using the theoretical equation of Fuoss and the thermodynamic parameter, ΔV^^-°, calculated from the pressure coefficient of the dissociation constant suggest that this ion-pair, [Co(NH_3)_5NO_2]^2+・SO_4^2-, would be very near to the contact one

The electrical conductivities of EtnNH4-nCl(n=1,2,3) in water

The electrical conductivities of EtNH_3Cl, Et_2NH_2Cl and Et_3NHCl in water were measured at 25℃ up to 3000kg/cm^2 from about 5 to 50×10^-4N. The limiting equivalent conductivity of each salt determined from the Fuoss-Onsager equation has a maximum against pressure, but the single ion conductivity of each cation has no maximum against pressure like the methyl substituted ammonium ions. The Walden product of each cation, calculated up to 2000kg/cm^2, decreases with increasing pressure and the pressure dependence of the Walden product is nearly the same. The pressure effect on the ionic Walden product is interpreted in terms of water density about these ions

The effect of pressure on micelle formation and solubility of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in water

The conductivities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) in water have been measured in the concentration range 2×10^-4～4×10^-3 mol-dm^-3 at pressures up to 2500kg/cm^2 at 25℃, and used to determine the critical micelle concentrations (c.m.c.) and the apparent solubilities. The limiting equivalent conductivities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion, λ°(HTA^+) decrease with increasing pressure. The c.m.c. increase with the increase in pressure up to about 1000kg/cm^2 and decrease at higher pressures. The fact that the maximum pressure of the c.m.c. of HTAB is not so much different from those of the lower homologues appears to indicate that there occurs no solidification at the maximum pressure. The partial molal volume change accompanying the micelle formation at 1 atm, ΔV^^-^(1) is 10cm^3・mol^-1, being calculated from the pressure dependence of the c.m.c. The rate of decrease in the apparent solubilities of HTAB with increasing pressure is very large up to about 1500kg/cm^2 and rather small at higher pressures