Neuromuscular control and running economy is preserved in elite international triathletes after cycling

Running is the most important discipline for Olympic triathlon success. However, cycling impairs running muscle recruitment and performance in some highly trained triathletes; though it is not known if this occurs in elite international triathletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cycling in two different protocols on running economy and neuromuscular control in elite international triathletes. Muscle recruitment and sagittal plane joint angles of the left lower extremity and running economy were compared between control (no preceding cycle) and transition (preceded by cycling) runs for two different cycle protocols (20-minute low-intensity and 50-minute high-intensity cycles) in seven elite international triathletes. Muscle recruitment and joint angles were not different between control and transition runs for either cycle protocols. Running economy was also not different between control and transition runs for the ow-intensity (62.4 ^ 4.5 vs. 62.1 ^ 4.0 ml/min/kg, p . 0.05) and high-intensity (63.4 ^ 3.5 vs. 63.3 ^ 4.3 ml/min/kg, p . 0.05) cycle protocols. The results of this study demonstrate that both low- and high-intensity cycles do not adversely influence neuromuscular control and running economy in elite international triathletes.<br /

Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung in a 25-year-old woman

AbstractWe report the case of a 25-year-old woman with a chance detection at x-ray of a well-defined mass in the right upper lobe during a medical examination. The patient suffered from a modest flu syndrome, with cough and fever. She was a current smoker. CT scan showed a homogeneous well-defined perihilar mass without calcifications, located in the right upper lobe and fully surrounded by aerated parenchyma. A right upper lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node sampling was performed. A pathologic diagnosis of well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung was made and staged as T2N0. Few cases of this type of malignancy have been reported in literature

Neil Aaland WA State Association of Counties Local Governments

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Methylated DNA recognition during the reversal of epigenetic silencing is regulated by cysteine and cerine residues in the Epstein-Barr Virus lytic switch protein

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with various malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Like all herpesviruses, the EBV life cycle alternates between latency and lytic replication. During latency, the viral genome is largely silenced by host-driven methylation of CpG motifs and, in the switch to the lytic cycle, this epigenetic silencing is overturned. A key event is the activation of the viral BRLF1 gene by the immediate-early protein Zta. Zta is a bZIP transcription factor that preferentially binds to specific response elements (ZREs) in the BRLF1 promoter (Rp) when these elements are methylated. Zta's ability to trigger lytic cycle activation is severely compromised when a cysteine residue in its bZIP domain is mutated to serine (C189S), but the molecular basis for this effect is unknown. Here we show that the C189S mutant is defective for activating Rp in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. The mutant is compromised both in vitro and in vivo for binding two methylated ZREs in Rp (ZRE2 and ZRE3), although the effect is striking only for ZRE3. Molecular modeling of Zta bound to methylated ZRE3, together with biochemical data, indicate that C189 directly contacts one of the two methyl cytosines within a specific CpG motif. The motif's second methyl cytosine (on the complementary DNA strand) is predicted to contact S186, a residue known to regulate methyl-ZRE recognition. Our results suggest that C189 regulates the enhanced interaction of Zta with methylated DNA in overturning the epigenetic control of viral latency. As C189 is conserved in many bZIP proteins, the selectivity of Zta for methylated DNA may be a paradigm for a more general phenomenon

Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus stably clusters its genomes across generations to maintain itself extrachromosomally

Genetic elements that replicate extrachromosomally are rare in mammals; however, several human tumor viruses, including the papillomaviruses and the gammaherpesviruses, maintain their plasmid genomes by tethering them to cellular chromosomes. We have uncovered an unprecedented mechanism of viral replication: Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) stably clusters its genomes across generations to maintain itself extrachromosomally. To identify and characterize this mechanism, we developed two complementary, independent approaches: live-cell imaging and a predictive computational model. The clustering of KSHV requires the viral protein, LANA1, to bind viral genomes to nucleosomes arrayed on both cellular and viral DNA. Clustering affects both viral partitioning and viral genome numbers of KSHV. The clustering of KSHV plasmids provides it with an effective evolutionary strategy to rapidly increase copy numbers of genomes per cell at the expense of the total numbers of cells infected

EMG/ENG services rendered by clinical neurophysiology technologists in solo practice

CITATION: Bill, P. L. A., et al. 1998. EMG/ENG services rendered by clinical neurophysiology technologists in solo practice. South African Medical Journal, 88(11):1360.The original publication is available at http://www.samj.org.za[No abstract available]Publisher’s versio

EFEK REMOTE ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING TERHADAP LUAS KEMATIAN OTOT JANTUNG TIKUS WISTAR PASCA INFARK MIOKARD YANG DIINDUKSI ISOPROTERENOL

Latar Belakang : Infark miokard adalah salah satu penyakit yang paling banyak menyebabkan kematian. Infark miokard dapat terjadi karena adanya iskemi berkepanjangan pada otot jantung. Baku emas indikator terjadinya infark miokard adalah pemeriksaan histopatologi. Terdapat suatu iskemi singkat dan sementara suatu organ sebelum infark miokard yang dapat melindungi otot jantung dari kerusakan yang disebut RIPC.Tujuan : Mengetahui efek RIPC terhadap luas kematian otot jantung tikus pasca infark miokard yang diinduksi isoproterenol.Metode : Penelitian eksperimental murni dengan rancangan randomized posttest only control group design. Sampel sebanyak 21 ekor tikus wistar jantan yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x5 menit, dan kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x15 menit. Ketiga kelompok tersebut diinjeksi dengan isoproterenol untuk menginduksi infark miokard. Luas kematian otot jantung tikus wistar diukur menggunakan pemeriksaan histopatologi. Uji statistik menggunakan Uji Mann Whitney-U.Hasil : Skoring luas kematian otot jantung rerata pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 4,0000, kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x5 menit sebesar 2,8957, dan kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x15 menit sebesar 1,3714. Uji Mann Whitney-U perbedaan bermakna pada luas kematian otot jantung tikus Wistar pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x5 menit(p=0,025) serta terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara luas kematian otot jantung tikus Wistar pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan RIPC 3x15 menit(p=0,001).Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan luas kematian otot jantung antara tikus wistar yang diberi perlakuan RIPC 3x5 menit (P1) dan RIPC 3x15 menit (P2) dengan yang tidak diberi perlakuan RIPC (K). Kata kunci: RIPC, Infark Miokard, Isoprotereno

Simulation Modelling in Ophthalmology : Application to Cost Effectiveness of Ranibizumab and Aflibercept for the Treatment of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the United Kingdom

Previously developed models in ophthalmology have generally used a Markovian structure. There are a number of limitations with this approach, most notably the ability to base patient outcomes on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in both eyes, which may be overcome using a different modelling structure. Simulation modelling allows for this to be modelled more precisely, and therefore may provide more accurate and relevant estimates of the cost effectiveness of ophthalmology interventions