Determinan Kejadian Stunting di Kabupaten Maros

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Assessing variability in carbon footprint throughout the food supply chain: a case study of Valencian oranges

[EN] Purpose This study aims to analyse the variability in the carbon footprint (CF) of organically and conventionally produced Valencian oranges (Spain), including both farming and post-harvest (PH) stages. At the same time, two issues regarding sample representativeness are addressed: how to determine confidence intervals from small samples and how to calculate the aggregated mean CF (and its variability) when the inventory is derived from different sources. Methods The functional unit was 1 kg of oranges at a European distribution centre. Farming data come from a survey of two samples of organic and conventional farms; PH data come from one PH centre; and data on exportation to the main European markets were obtained from official secondary sources. To assess the variability of the farming subsystem, a bootstrap of the mean CF was performed. The variability of the PH subsystem was assessed through a Monte Carlo simulation and a subsequent subsampling bootstrap. A weighted discrete distribution of the CF of distribution and end-of-life (EoL) was built, which was also bootstrapped. The empirical distribution of the overall CF was obtained by summing all iterations of the three bootstrap procedures of the subsystems. Results and discussion The CF of the baseline scenarios for conventional and organic production were 0.82 and 0.67 kg CO2 equivalent·kg orange¿1, respectively; the difference between their values was due mainly to differences in the farming subsystem. Distribution and EoL was the subsystem contributing the most to the CF (59.3 and 75.7% of the total CF for conventional and organic oranges, respectively), followed by the farming subsystem (34.1 and 19.8% for conventional and organic oranges, respectively). The confidence intervals for the CF of oranges were 0.72¿0.92 and 0.61¿0.82 kg CO2 equivalent·kg orange¿1 for conventional and organic oranges, respectively, and a significant difference was found between them. If organic production were to reach 50% of the total exported production, the CF would be reduced by 5.4¿8.4%. Conclusions The case study and the methods used show that bootstrap techniques can help to test for the existence of significant differences and estimate confidence intervals of the mean CF. Furthermore, these techniques allow several CF sources to be combined so as to estimate the uncertainty in the mean CF estimate. Assessing the variability in the mean CF (or in other environmental impacts) gives a more reliable measure of the mean impact.The Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for provided financial support in the project Design of a life-cycle indicator for sustainability in agricultural systems (CTM2013-47340-R).Ribal, J.; Estruch, V.; Clemente, G.; Loreto Fenollosa, M.; Sanjuan, N. (2019). Assessing variability in carbon footprint throughout the food supply chain: a case study of Valencian oranges. 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Internationalism of American Federalism: Missouri and Holland, The

This Earl F. Nelson Lecture, given at the University of Missouri School of Law\u27s Symposium, Return to Missouri v. Holland: Federalism and International Law, developed from and overlaps with a series of articles including Ratifying Kyoto at the Local Level: Sovereigntism, Federalism, and Translocal Organizations of Government Actors (TOGAs), 50 ARIZ. L. REV. 709 (2008) (with Joshua Civin and Joseph Frueh); Lessons in Federalism from the 1960s Class Action Rule and the 2005 Class Action Fairness Act: The Political Safeguards\u27 ofAggregate Translocal Actions, 156 U. PA. L. REv. 1929 (2008); Law as Affiliation: Foreign Law, Democratic Federalism, and the Sovereigntism of the Nation-State, 6 INT\u27L J. CONST. L. 33 (2008); Foreign as Domestic Affairs: Rethinking Horizontal Federalism and Foreign Affairs Preemption in Light of Translocal Internationalism, 57 EMORY. L.J. 31 (2007); Law\u27s Migration: American Exceptionalism, Silent Dialogues, and Federalism\u27s Multiple Ports of Entry, 115 YALE L.J. 1564 (2006); and Categorical Federalism: Jurisdiction, Gender, and the Globe, 111 YALE L.J. 619 (2001). Thanks are due to Peggy McGuinness for bringing the group together, to the participants in this symposium\u27s sessions and in the Arizona Law Review symposium, Federalism and Climate Change: The Role of the States in a Future Federal Regime, to Joseph Frueh for his analysis of the precautionary principle and California\u27s legislative efforts involving toxic toys, to Joshua Civin whose research brought into focus for me the transnational work of the eighteenth century, to Camilla Tubbs of Yale\u27s Law Library for extraordinarily thoughtful research advice, to Adam Grogg, Chavi Nana, Vasudha Talla, and Monica Bell for helpful research and editorial assistance, and to my colleagues Dennis Curtis, Oona Hathaway, Vicki Jackson, and Reva Siegel

Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major environmental factor involved in the development of skin cancers and occurs mainly during outdoor activities. During summer schools, children receive regular and significant solar ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) while practising outdoor activities. Personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were attached to the shoulders of schoolchildren and used to quantify their exposure to UVER. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, during July 2008, with three age groups (7–8, 9–10 and 11–12 years old) and involved about 15 schoolchildren. The median (25, 75 percentiles) twice-daily UV exposure values for all groups was 5.49 (3.59, 8.00) standard erythemal doses (SEDs), where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 Jm−2 when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function. Exposure ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected body site and the corresponding ambient dose received on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The median (25, 75 percentiles) ER value for all groups in the study was 5.9% (4.1, 8.7).The research reported here was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813 and the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO/2010/064Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada Ribera, LJ.; Moreno Esteve, JC. (2012). Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain. International Journal of Biometeorology. 56:371-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0440-7S37137756Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. http://www.aemet.es/ . Accessed 5 March 2010Armstrong BK (2005) How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective, In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English DR (eds) Prevention of skin cancer. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 89–116Armstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63:8–18Biosense Laboratories. http://www.biosense.de/viosp-e.htm . 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Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 16:57–61Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Heydenreich J, Wulf HC (2004) UV radiation exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behaviour based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch Dermatol 140:197–203World Health Organization (2002) Global Solar UV Index: a practical guide. WHO, Geneva, SwitzerlandWright C, Reeder A (2005) Youth solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices: areview. Photochem Photobiol 81:1331–1342Wright CY, Reeder AI, Bodeker GE, Gray A, Cox B (2007) Solar UVR exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices among primary schoolchildren. Photochem Photobiol 83:749–75

Prevalence Of Bruxism And Emotional Stress And The Association Between Them In Brazilian Police Officers

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bruxism and emotional stress in Brazilian police officers, due to exposure to stressful situations, and to assess the relationship between the type of work done by a police officer and the presence of bruxism and emotional stress. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Police of the State of São Paulo, Campinas, SP, Brazil. The final sample included 394 male police officers (mean age = 35.5 years). Bruxism was diagnosed by the presence of aligned dental wear facets associated with the presence of one of the following signs or symptoms: self-report of tooth-grinding, painful sensitivity of the masseter and temporal muscles, discomfort in the jaw musculature upon waking. The Stress Symptoms Inventory (SSI) was applied to evaluate emotional stress. The type of work done by the police was classified as organizational or operational, the latter being assumed as the more stressful since it exposes the police officer to life risk. The results showed a prevalence of bruxism of 50.2% and a prevalence of emotional stress of 45.7%. The Chi-square test indicated an association between stress and bruxism (P < .05). No significant association was found between emotional stress and type of work (P = .382) or between bruxism and work activity (P = .611). It could be concluded that emotional stress was associated with bruxism, independently of the type of work done by police officers.2213135Lavigne, G.J., Rompré, P.H., Montplaisir, J.Y., Sleep bruxism: Validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study (1996) J Dent Res, 75 (1), pp. 546-552Lobbezoo, F., Naeije, M., Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally (2001) J Oral Rehabil, 28 (12), pp. 1085-1091Arnold, A., Bruxism and the occlusion (1981) Dent Clin North Am, 25, pp. 395-407Rugh, J.D., Harlan, J., Nocturnal bruxism and temporoman-dibular disorders (1988) Adv Neurol, 49, pp. 329-341Tsai, C.M., Chou, S.L., Gale, E.N., McCall Jr, W.D., Human masticatory muscle activity and jaw position under experimental stress (2002) J Oral Rehabil, 29 (1), pp. 44-51Manfredini, D., Landi, N., Romagnoli, M., Bosco, M., Psychic and occlusal factors in bruxers (2004) Aust Dent J, 49 (2), pp. 84-89Pingitore, G., Chrobak, V., Petrie, J., The social and psychologic factors of bruxism (1991) J Prosthet Dent, 65 (3), pp. 443-446Watanabe, T., Ichikawa, K., Clark, G.T., Bruxism levels and daily behaviors: 3 weeks of measurement and correlation (2003) J Orofac Pain, 17 (1), pp. 65-73Pierce, C.J., Chrisman, K., Bennett, M.E., Close, J.M., Stress, anticipatory stress, and psychologic measures related to sleep bruxism (1995) J Orofac Pain, 9 (1), pp. 51-56Axelbend, M., Vaile, J., South Florida's approach to police stress management (1979) Police Stress, 1, pp. 13-14Blackmore, J., (1978) Are police allowed to have problems of their own? Police Mag, 1, pp. 47-55Violanti, J.M., (1996) Police suicide: Epidemic in blue, , Springfield: Charles C Thomas;Neylan, T.C., Metzler, T.J., Best, S.R., Weiss, D.S., Fagan, J.A., Libermam, A., Critical incident exposure and sleep quality in police officers (2002) Psychosom Med, 64 (2), pp. 345-352Lipp, M.E.N., Guevara, A.J.H., Empiric validation of stress symptoms inventory (SSI) (1994) Estud Psicol, 11, pp. 43-49Pigno, M.A., Hatch, J.P., Rodrigues Garcia, R.C., Sakai, S., Rugh, J.D., Severity, distribution, and correlates of occlusal tooth wear in a sample of Mexican-American and European-American adults (2001) Int J Prosthodont, 14 (1), pp. 65-70Glaros, A.G., Incidence of diurnal and nocturnal bruxism (1981) J Prosthet Dent, 45 (5), pp. 545-549Ramfjord, S.P., Bruxism, a clinical and electromyographic study (1961) J Am Dent Assoc, 62, pp. 21-44Manfredini, D., Ciapparelli, A., Dell'Osso, L., Bosco, M., Mood disorders in subjects with bruxing behavior (2005) J Dent, 33 (6), pp. 485-490Manfredini, D., Landi, N., Fantoni, F., Segù, M., Bosco, M., Anxiety symptoms in clinically diagnosed bruxers (2005) J Oral Rehabil, 32 (8), pp. 584-588Wigdorowicz-Makowerowa, N., Epidemiological studies on prevalence and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system (1979) J Prosthet Dent, 41 (1), pp. 76-82Collins PA, Gibbs ACC. Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force. Occup Med. 2003;53(4):256-64Bültmann, U., Kant, I., Kasl, S.V., Beurskens, A.J., van der Brandt, P.A., Fatigue and psychological distress in the working population: Psychometrics, prevalence, and correlates (2002) J Psychosom Res, 52 (6), pp. 445-452Spielberg, C.C., Westberry, L.G., Grier, K.S., Greenfield, G., (1981) The police stress survey: Sources of stress in law enforcement, , Tampa FL, Human Resources Institute;Kirkcaldly, B., Cooper, C.L., Ruffalo, P., Work stress and health in a sample of U.S. police (1995) Psychol Rep, 76 (2), pp. 700-702Kroes, W.H., Gould, S., Job stress in policemen: An empirical study (1979) Police Stress, 1, pp. 9-10Violanti, J.M., Aron, F., Ranking police stressors (1994) Psychol Rep, 75 (2), pp. 824-826Violanti, J.M., Aron, F., Sources of police stressors, job attitudes and psychological distress (1993) Psychol Rep, 72 (3 PART 1), pp. 899-90

A functional interpretation for nonstandard arithmetic

We introduce constructive and classical systems for nonstandard arithmetic and show how variants of the functional interpretations due to Goedel and Shoenfield can be used to rewrite proofs performed in these systems into standard ones. These functional interpretations show in particular that our nonstandard systems are conservative extensions of extensional Heyting and Peano arithmetic in all finite types, strengthening earlier results by Moerdijk, Palmgren, Avigad and Helzner. We will also indicate how our rewriting algorithm can be used for term extraction purposes. To conclude the paper, we will point out some open problems and directions for future research and mention some initial results on saturation principles

I.S.Mu.L.T. Achilles Tendon Ruptures Guidelines

This work provides easily accessible guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of Achilles tendon ruptures. These guidelines could be considered as recommendations for good clinical practice developed through a process of systematic review of the literature and expert opinion, to improve the quality of care for the individual patient and rationalize the use of resources. This work is divided into two sessions: 1) questions about hot topics; 2) answers to the questions following Evidence Based Medicine principles. Despite the frequency of the pathology andthe high level of satisfaction achieved in treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures, a global consensus is lacking. In fact, there is not a uniform treatment and rehabilitation protocol used for Achilles tendon ruptures

Capture the fracture: a best practice framework and global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle

Summary The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) Capture the Fracture Campaign aims to support implementation of Fracture Liaison Services (FLS) throughout the world. Introduction FLS have been shown to close the ubiquitous secondary fracture prevention care gap, ensuring that fragility fracture sufferers receive appropriate assessment and intervention to reduce future fracture risk. Methods Capture the Fracture has developed internationally endorsed standards for best practice, will facilitate change at the national level to drive adoption of FLS and increase awareness of the challenges and opportunities presented by secondary fracture prevention to key stakeholders. The Best Practice Framework (BPF) sets an international benchmark for FLS, which defines essential and aspirational elements of service delivery. Results The BPF has been reviewed by leading experts from many countries and subject to beta-testing to ensure that it is internationally relevant and fit-for-purpose. The BPF will also serve as a measurement tool for IOF to award ‘Capture the Fracture Best Practice Recognition’ to celebrate successful FLS worldwide and drive service development in areas of unmet need. The Capture the Fracture website will provide a suite of resources related to FLS and secondary fracture prevention, which will be updated as new materials become available. A mentoring programme will enable those in the early stages of development of FLS to learn from colleagues elsewhere that have achieved Best Practice Recognition. A grant programme is in development to aid clinical systems which require financial assistance to establish FLS in their localities. Conclusion Nearly half a billion people will reach retirement age during the next 20 years. IOF has developed Capture the Fracture because this is the single most important thing that can be done to directly improve patient care, of both women and men, and reduce the spiralling fracture-related care costs worldwide.</p