Sequential-injection analysis: A useful tool for clinical and biochemical analysis

Sequential-injection analysis (SIA) is a sample handling and manipulation technique developed to address some limitations of traditional on-line analysis approaches, mainly flow-injection analysis (FIA). The heart of a SIA manifold is a multi-position selection valve. The common port of this valve is connected to a so-called "holding coil" (essentially a long piece of coiled tubing) while the selection ports of the valve can be connected to various flow-through modules. The sample to be analyzed is initially aspirated and stored in the holding coil and can be further serially processed by directing it to appropriate modules in which both physical manipulation and/or chemical transformations may take place. SIA has found numerous applications in the field of clinical and bio-analytical chemistry by exploiting its potential as a sample-handling and manipulation technique. This review will cover the most significant applications of SIA in this area including on-line dilution/mixing, liquid and solid-phase extraction and pre-concentration, immunoassays, enzymatic methods, coupling to separation modules, miniaturization and other approaches for the determination of compounds with biological and clinical significance. © 2007 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd

Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations using a new solid-phase reactor containing AgSCN immobilized in a polyurethane resin

A simple flow-injection analysis procedure was developed for determining captopril in pharmaceutical formulations employing a novel solid-phase reactor containing silver thiocyanate immobilized in a castor oil derivative polyurethane resin. The method was based on silver mercaptide formation between the captopril and Ag(I) in the solid-phase reactor. During such a reaction, the SCN- anion was released and reacted with Fe3+, which generated the FeSCN2+ complex that was continuously monitored at 480 nm. The analytical curve was linear in the captopril concentration range from 3.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 to 1.1 × 10-3 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 8.0 × 10-5 mol L-1. Recoveries between 97.5% and 103% and a relative standard deviation of 2% for a solution containing 6.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 captopril (n = 12) were obtained. The sample throughput was 40 h-1 and the results obtained for captopril in pharmaceutical formulations using this procedure and those obtained using a pharmacopoeia procedure were in agreement at a 95% confidence level.<br>Um procedimento simples de análise por injeção em fluxo foi desenvolvido para a determinação de captopril em formulações farmacêuticas empregando um novo reator em fase sólida contendo tiocianato de prata imobilizado em resina poliuretana obtida a partir de óleo de mamona. O método foi baseado na formação de um mercapto composto de prata, no reator em fase sólida, obtido entre o captopril e Ag (I) imobilizada. Durante a reação, íons SCN- eram liberados e reagiam com Fe3+, gerando o complexo FeSCN2+, que foi continuamente monitorado em 480 nm. A curva analítica foi linear no intervalo de concentração de captopril entre 3,0 × 10-4 a 1,1 × 10-3 mol L-1 com um limite de detecção de 8,0 × 10-5 mol L-1. Recuperações entre 97,5-103% e desvio padrão relativo de 2% para uma solução contendo 6,0 × 10-4 mol L-1 de captopril (n = 12) foram obtidos. A frequência de amostragem foi de 40 h-1 e os resultados obtidos para captopril em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando este procedimento e o da Farmacopeia, estão de acordo em um nível de confiança de 95%