Far infrared CO and H2_2O emission in intermediate-mass protostars

Intermediate-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) provide a link to understand how feedback from shocks and UV radiation scales from low to high-mass star forming regions. Aims: Our aim is to analyze excitation of CO and H$_2$O in deeply-embedded intermediate-mass YSOs and compare with low-mass and high-mass YSOs. Methods: Herschel/PACS spectral maps are analyzed for 6 YSOs with bolometric luminosities of $L_\mathrm{bol}\sim10^2 - 10^3$ $L_\odot$. The maps cover spatial scales of $\sim 10^4$ AU in several CO and H$_2$O lines located in the $\sim55-210$ $\mu$m range. Results: Rotational diagrams of CO show two temperature components at $T_\mathrm{rot}\sim320$ K and $T_\mathrm{rot}\sim700-800$ K, comparable to low- and high-mass protostars probed at similar spatial scales. The diagrams for H$_2$O show a single component at $T_\mathrm{rot}\sim130$ K, as seen in low-mass protostars, and about $100$ K lower than in high-mass protostars. Since the uncertainties in $T_\mathrm{rot}$ are of the same order as the difference between the intermediate and high-mass protostars, we cannot conclude whether the change in rotational temperature occurs at a specific luminosity, or whether the change is more gradual from low- to high-mass YSOs. Conclusions: Molecular excitation in intermediate-mass protostars is comparable to the central $10^{3}$ AU of low-mass protostars and consistent within the uncertainties with the high-mass protostars probed at $3\cdot10^{3}$ AU scales, suggesting similar shock conditions in all those sources.Comment: Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. 4 pages, 5 figures, 3 table

Zapory na rzekach a ekologia w Polsce = The dams on the rivers and ecological approach in Poland

Babiński Zygmunt, Habel Michał, Dziopak Józef, Tychoniec Alicja, Ilieva Margarita. Zapory na rzekach a ekologia w polsce = The dams on the rivers and ecological approach in Poland. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):427-434. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18056http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A427-434https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/562247http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18056Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 20.03.2015. Revised 18.04.2015. Accepted: 24.05.2015. ZAPORY NA RZEKACH A EKOLOGIA W pOLSCEThe dams on the rivers and ecological approach in Poland Zygmunt Babiński, Michał Habel, Józef Dziopak, Alicja Tychoniec, Margarita IlievaIG, WKFZIT, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Abstrakt Budownictwo hydrotechniczne na rzekach Polsce, w postaci zapór i ich zbiorników, datuje się już od początku XX wieku. Pierwsze z nich, tj. najstarsza Zapora Leśna na rzece Kwisie o wysokości piętrzenia 45 m, zbudowana w 1907 roku, Pilichowice na rzece Bóbr (69 m - 1912), jako zapory kamienno-betonowe i zapora kamienna Lubachów na rzece Bystrzycy (44 m - 1917), wszystkie znajdujące w dorzeczu Odry, zostały zbudowane w celu zabezpieczenia przeciwpowodziowego oraz dla hydroenergetyki, później wykorzystywane dla celów rekreacji.Rozwiązaniem całkowitego wyeliminowania z życia społeczno-gospodarczego Polaków problemu powodzi, zwłaszcza dolnego odcinka Wisły, jest kaskadowa jej zabudowa. Dowodem na wykluczenie z „życia rzek” zjawiska powodzi jest m.in. kaskadowa zabudowa rzeki Rodan, górne odcinki Renu i Dunaju (poniżej, w dół tych rzek brak zapór stwarza coroczne zagrożenia powodziowe).Ponadto, kaskadowa zabudowa Dolnej Wisły od ujścia Narwi do Bałtyku umożliwiłaby rozwój zarówno taniego i ekologicznego transportu wodnego, jak i energii elektrycznej. Natomiast zastosowanie metod budowy lateralnych kanałów przyzbiornikowych (Dunaj w odcinku austriackim), traktowanych jako przepławki dla ryb (Babiński, 2006) z zagospodarowaniem zawala, spotęgowałoby proces ekologizacji dna doliny Wisły.  Słowa kluczowe: zapory na rzekach, ekologia, polska. Abstract: The work concerns the review of approaches to water management in Poland, in the construction of dams. The authors presented the main problems that stand in the way of people protection against floods. Presented implemented and planned investments on the waterways in Poland.Keywords: dam, flood protection, ecology

The geopolitical situation of Ukraine after the "Orange Revolution"

Budka Krzysztof, Tychoniec Alicja. The geopolitical situation of Ukraine after the „Orange Revolution”. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(12):579-601. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134915 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5185 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.12.2017. Revised: 15.12.2017. Accepted: 31.12.2017. The geopolitical situation of Ukraine after the „Orange Revolution” Sytuacja geopolityczna Ukrainy po „Pomarańczowej Rewolucji” Krzysztof Budka1, Alicja Tychoniec2 1The University of Kazimierz Wielki in Bydgoszcz 1Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy 2The University of Kazimierz Wielki in Bydgoszcz, The Insitute of Geography 2Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Instytut Geografii ABSTRACT The article presents the conditions for the Orange Revolution in Ukraine. The primary determinants of social protest in Ukraine, pursuant to which the elections were repeated, have been identified. The geopolitical changes, including the state reforms announced by the opposition candidate, V. Yushchenko, have been characterized. STRESZCZENIE W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania dla pomarańczowej rewolucji na Ukrainie. Wskazano najważniejsze determinanty protestu społecznego na Ukrainie, w wyniku których powtórzono wybory. Scharakteryzowano w nim przemiany geopolityczne, w tym zapowiedziane reformy państwa przez kandydata opozycji W. Juszczenko. Keywords: Orange Revolution, geopolitics, economic situation, government, coalition, political set-up, political campaign, state reform. Słowa kluczowe: pomarańczowa rewolucja, geopolityka, sytuacja gospodarcza, rząd, koalicja, układ polityczny, kampania wyborcza, reforma państwa

ALMA ACA study of the H2_2S/OCS ratio in low-mass protostars

The identification of the main sulfur reservoir on its way from the diffuse interstellar medium to the cold dense star-forming cores and eventually to protostars is a long-standing problem. Despite sulfur's astrochemical relevance, the abundance of S-bearing molecules in dense cores and regions around protostars is still insufficiently constrained. The goal of this investigation is to derive the gas-phase H$_2$S/OCS ratio for several low-mass protostars, which could provide crucial information about the physical and chemical conditions in the birth cloud of Sun-like stars. Using ALMA ACA Band 6 observations, H$_2$S, OCS, and their isotopologs are searched for in 10 Class 0/I protostars with different source properties such as age, mass, and environmental conditions. An LTE model is used to fit synthetic spectra to the detected lines and to derive the column densities based solely on optically thin lines. The H$_2$S and OCS column densities span four orders of magnitude across the sample. The H$_2$S/OCS ratio is found to be in the range from 0.2 to above 9.7. IRAS 16293-2422 A and Ser-SMM3 have the lowest ratio, while BHR71-IRS1 has the highest. Only the H$_2$S/OCS ratio of BHR71-IRS1 agress within uncertainties with the ratio in comet 67P/C$-$G. The determined gas-phase H$_2$S/OCS ratios can be below the upper limits on the solid-state ratios by as much as an order of magnitude. The H$_2$S/OCS ratio depends significantly on the environment of the birth cloud, such as UV-irradiation and heating received prior to the formation of a protostar. The highly isolated birth environment of BHR71-IRS1 is hypothesized to be the reason for its high gaseous H$_2$S/OCS ratio due to lower rates of photoreactions and more efficient hydrogenation reactions under such dark, cold conditions. The gaseous inventory of S-bearing molecules in BHR71-IRS1 appears to be most similar to that of interstellar ices.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 32 pages, 24 figures, 18 table

3D Detection and Characterisation of ALMA Sources through Deep Learning

We present a Deep-Learning (DL) pipeline developed for the detection and characterization of astronomical sources within simulated Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) data cubes. The pipeline is composed of six DL models: a Convolutional Autoencoder for source detection within the spatial domain of the integrated data cubes, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for denoising and peak detection within the frequency domain, and four Residual Neural Networks (ResNets) for source characterization. The combination of spatial and frequency information improves completeness while decreasing spurious signal detection. To train and test the pipeline, we developed a simulation algorithm able to generate realistic ALMA observations, i.e. both sky model and dirty cubes. The algorithm simulates always a central source surrounded by fainter ones scattered within the cube. Some sources were spatially superimposed in order to test the pipeline deblending capabilities. The detection performances of the pipeline were compared to those of other methods and significant improvements in performances were achieved. Source morphologies are detected with subpixel accuracies obtaining mean residual errors of $10^{-3}$ pixel ($0.1$ mas) and $10^{-1}$ mJy/beam on positions and flux estimations, respectively. Projection angles and flux densities are also recovered within $10\%$ of the true values for $80\%$ and $73\%$ of all sources in the test set, respectively. While our pipeline is fine-tuned for ALMA data, the technique is applicable to other interferometric observatories, as SKA, LOFAR, VLBI, and VLTI

Bayesian and Machine Learning Methods in the Big Data era for astronomical imaging

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array with the planned electronic upgrades will deliver an unprecedented amount of deep and high resolution observations. Wider fields of view are possible with the consequential cost of image reconstruction. Alternatives to commonly used applications in image processing have to be sought and tested. Advanced image reconstruction methods are critical to meet the data requirements needed for operational purposes. Astrostatistics and astroinformatics techniques are employed. Evidence is given that these interdisciplinary fields of study applied to synthesis imaging meet the Big Data challenges and have the potentials to enable new scientific discoveries in radio astronomy and astrophysics.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, proceedings International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, IHP, Paris, July 18-22, 202

High Resolution 8 mm and 1 cm Polarization of IRAS 4A from the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey

Magnetic fields can regulate disk formation, accretion and jet launching. Until recently, it has been difficult to obtain high resolution observations of the magnetic fields of the youngest protostars in the critical region near the protostar. The VANDAM survey is observing all known protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. Here we present the polarization data of IRAS 4A. We find that with ~ 0.2'' (50 AU) resolution at {\lambda} = 8.1 and 10.3 mm, the inferred magnetic field is consistent with a circular morphology, in marked contrast with the hourglass morphology seen on larger scales. This morphology is consistent with frozen-in field lines that were dragged in by rotating material entering the infall region. The field morphology is reminiscent of rotating circumstellar material near the protostar. This is the first polarization detection of a protostar at these wavelengths. We conclude from our observations that the dust emission is optically thin with {\beta} ~ 1.3, suggesting that mm/cm-sized grains have grown and survived in the short lifetime of the protostar.Comment: Accepted to ApJL. 13 pages, 4 figure

ALMA observations of dust polarization and molecular line emission from the Class 0 protostellar source Serpens SMM1

We present high angular resolution dust polarization and molecular line observations carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) toward the Class 0 protostar Serpens SMM1. By complementing these observations with new polarization observations from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and archival data from the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) and the James Clerk Maxwell Telescopes (JCMT), we can compare the magnetic field orientations at different spatial scales. We find major changes in the magnetic field orientation between large (~0.1 pc) scales -- where the magnetic field is oriented E-W, perpendicular to the major axis of the dusty filament where SMM1 is embedded -- and the intermediate and small scales probed by CARMA (~1000 AU resolution), the SMA (~350 AU resolution), and ALMA (~140 AU resolution). The ALMA maps reveal that the redshifted lobe of the bipolar outflow is shaping the magnetic field in SMM1 on the southeast side of the source; however, on the northwestern side and elsewhere in the source, low velocity shocks may be causing the observed chaotic magnetic field pattern. High-spatial-resolution continuum and spectral-line observations also reveal a tight (~130 AU) protobinary system in SMM1-b, the eastern component of which is launching an extremely high-velocity, one-sided jet visible in both CO(2-1) and SiO(5-4); however, that jet does not appear to be shaping the magnetic field. These observations show that with the sensitivity and resolution of ALMA, we can now begin to understand the role that feedback (e.g., from protostellar outflows) plays in shaping the magnetic field in very young, star-forming sources like SMM1.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. Materials accessible in the online version of the (open-access) ApJ article include the FITS files used to make the ALMA image in Figure 1(d), and a full, machine-readable version of Table