Voluntary Disclosure of Information as a Proposed Standard for the Fourth Amendment\u27s Third-Party Doctrine

The third-party doctrine is a long-standing tenant of Fourth Amendment law that allows law enforcement officers to utilize information that was released to a third party without the probable cause required for a traditional search warrant. This has allowed law enforcement agents to use confidential informants, undercover agents, and access bank records of suspected criminals. However, in a digital age where exponentially more information is shared with Internet Service Providers, e-mail hosts, and social media “friends,” the traditional thirdparty doctrine ideas allow law enforcement officers access to a cache of personal information and data with a standard below probable cause. This Note explores particular issues that plague the traditional thirdparty doctrine’s interactions with new technology and proposes a standard of voluntary disclosure for courts to use when determining if information falls under the purview of the third-party doctrine. The factors in this proposed standard include the reasonable expectation of privacy of the disclosing person, the frequency with which information is disclosed, the purpose of disclosure, and the degree to which the public can access the information

Voluntary Disclosure of Information as a Proposed Standard for the Fourth Amendment\u27s Third-Party Doctrine

The third-party doctrine is a long-standing tenant of Fourth Amendment law that allows law enforcement officers to utilize information that was released to a third party without the probable cause required for a traditional search warrant. This has allowed law enforcement agents to use confidential informants, undercover agents, and access bank records of suspected criminals. However, in a digital age where exponentially more information is shared with Internet Service Providers, e-mail hosts, and social media “friends,” the traditional thirdparty doctrine ideas allow law enforcement officers access to a cache of personal information and data with a standard below probable cause. This Note explores particular issues that plague the traditional thirdparty doctrine’s interactions with new technology and proposes a standard of voluntary disclosure for courts to use when determining if information falls under the purview of the third-party doctrine. The factors in this proposed standard include the reasonable expectation of privacy of the disclosing person, the frequency with which information is disclosed, the purpose of disclosure, and the degree to which the public can access the information

Bibliography of Irish Salmon

Documents papers and articles, published up to 1975, that focus on Irish Salmon

The Contribution of Hatchery-Reared Smolts to the Irish Drift Net Fishery

This Leaflet gives the results of the examination of 104,851 salmon caught by the drift nets between 1978 and 1981. The majority of salmon taken in the Irish commercial fishery are caught by drift nets. The drift net fishery takes place in coastal waters from May onwards and exploits, in the main, one sea-winter fish. In order to quantify the contribution of hatchery reared smolts to the fishery, the commercial catch was sampled at various landing sites between 1978 and 1981. The results obtained showed that the reared fish were randomly distributed in the drift net catch around the coast from Malin Head to Ardmore Bay. The highest contribution (12.9%) was found in the fish captured along the Galway and South Mayo coasts. The next highest contribution was in West Cork where 6.3% of the fish sampled were recorded as reared. The analysis of each day's sample throughout the season indicated that the reared fish arrived concurrently with the wild salmon. A calculation of the value of the salmon which were derived from hatchery-reared smolts was made, based on the percentage of reared fish observed in the catch samples. The conclusion was drawn that, although the contribution of reared smolts to the total catch is small, the principle of artificial rearing of smolts is justified in view of the contribution to the national catch and the spawning stock

The Stealth Biplane: a Proposal in Response to a Low Reynolds Number Station Keeping Mission

The Stealth Biplane is conceived and constructed to serve as a remotely piloted vehicle designed to navigate a low-level figure-eight course at a target Reynolds number of 100,000. This flight vehicle will combine the latest in lightweight radio controlled hardware in conjunction with current low Reynolds number aerodynamic research to demonstrate feasible operation in a variety of applications. These potential low Reynolds number applications include high altitude atmospheric sampling, search and rescue, and even law enforcement. Design specs and fabrication technique are discussed

Visual variability affects early verb learning

Research demonstrates that within-category visual variability facilitates noun learning; however, the effect of visual variability on verb learning is unknown. We habituated 24-month-old children to a novel verb paired with an animated star-shaped actor. Across multiple trials, children saw either a single action from an action category (identical actions condition, for example, travelling while repeatedly changing into a circle shape) or multiple actions from that action category (variable actions condition, for example, travelling while changing into a circle shape, then a square shape, then a triangle shape). Four test trials followed habituation. One paired the habituated verb with a new action from the habituated category (e.g., ‘dacking’ + pentagon shape) and one with a completely novel action (e.g., ‘dacking’ + leg movement). The others paired a new verb with a new same-category action (e.g., ‘keefing’ + pentagon shape), or a completely novel category action (e.g., ‘keefing’ + leg movement). Although all children discriminated novel verb/action pairs, children in the identical actions condition discriminated trials that included the completely novel verb, while children in the variable actions condition discriminated the out-of-category action. These data suggest that – as in noun learning – visual variability affects verb learning and children's ability to form action categories

White matter segmentation of Brain MRI during infancy

The objective of this study is the development of an automatic segmentation framework to measure the volume changes in white matter tissue from premature infant MRI data. Due to the early stage of the developing brain which results in a high water content in brain tissue, several major computational challenges arise including artefacts, intensity variations and partial volume effect.The first component of the framework is the development of a novel brain extraction method [1][2]. Due to the overlapping of intensity values across different brain tissues, a primary challenge is the removal of non-brain tissue such as skull, fluid, fat and body parts.The second component involves the intensity inhomogeneities called bias field and has a significant effect on the segmentation. The intensity variations described as a low-frequency multiplicative artefact is a result of the inhomogeneity in the magnetic field during the MRI acquisition.The last component is a novel probabilistic model which segments and measures the white matter volume. The key element is the classification of the partial volume voxels which is achieved by an expectation-maximization algorithm combined with a probabilistic segmentation scheme. Examples of each step of this framework are presented in Fig.