Correct Identity of the Oak Twig Pruner (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

(excerpt) The oak twig pruner is a cerambycid of minor economic importance which is generally common through most of eastern North America. The adult beetles oviposit on living twigs of oak and other hardwoods, and the larvae bore within the twig, subsequently pruning it from the tree. Haldeman (1847) identified this borer as Elaphidion villosus (Fabricius), a species later placed in the genus Elaphidionoides by Linsley (1963). This identification has been accepted and followed by Baker (1972), Craighead (1923, 1950), Duffy (1960), Knull (1946). Linsley (1963), and many other authors

Phenology and Infestation Patterns of the Cottonwood Twig Borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Iowa

Cottonwood twig borer, Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Lepidoptera: Totricidae), phenology and infestation patterns on Populus spp. were examined over a 2-year period in Iowa. Weekly sampling of infested shoots during the host growing season verified the existence of five instars. Head capsule size increased nonlinearly from the first to the fifth instar and corresponded to a concomitant geometric increase in the volume of larval feeding galleries. The sampling indicated that the cottonwood twig borer had two generations per year in Iowa. Corresponding with the two generations, two peaks of larval abundance were observed; one in the second week of June and the other in the first week of August. Greater volume of feeding galleries occurred in the early season generation compared with the late season generation. Sampling of infested shoots revealed that more than 80% of infested terminals contained only one active attack (freshly bored hole in tree terminal with frass present); more than 88% of feeding galleries contained only one larva; and more than 80% of the larvae were found in the first active attack nearest the terminal apex. These data were compared with results published on the phenology and attack patterns of the cottonwood twig borer in the southern United States

Holistic Twig Joins: Optimal XML Pattern Matching

XML employs a tree-structured data model, and, naturally, XML queries specify patterns of selection predicates on multiple elements related by a tree structure. Finding all occurrences of such a twig pattern in an XML database is a core operation for XML query processing. Prior work has typically decomposed the twig pattern into binary structural (parent-child and ancestor-descendant) relationships, and twig matching is achieved by: (i) using structural join algorithms to match the binary relationships against the XML database, and (ii) stitching together these basic matches. A limitation of this approach for matching twig patterns is that intermediate result sizes can get large, even when the input and output sizes are more manageable. In this paper, we propose a novel holistic twig join algorithm, TwigStack, for matching an XML query twig pattern. Our technique uses a chain of linked stacks to compactly represent partial results to root-to-leaf query paths, which are then composed to obtain matches for the twig pattern. When the twig pattern uses only ancestor-descendant relationships between elements, TwigStack is I/O and CPU optimal among all sequential algorithms that read the entire input: it is linear in the sum of sizes of the input lists and the final result list, but independent of the sizes of intermediate results. We then show how to use (a modification of) B-trees, along with TwigStack, to match query twig patterns in sub-linear time. Finally, we complement our analysis with experimental results on a range of real and synthetic data, and query twig patterns

Serangan Ulat Jengkal (Hyposidra Talaca Wlk.) pada Bibit Pakoba (Syzygium Luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) di Persemaian

Obstace of pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr.) cultivation in nursery is twig caterpillar (Hyposidra talaca WLK) attacks. The Pest symptoms was holes in the leaves especially young leaves; twig caterpillar enable to attack all leaves of pakoba seed. Severe attacks cause death of seedlings. There are five blocks in pakoba nursery that were observed; 1014 pakoba seedlings were grown in these blocks. The average percentage of twig caterpillar\u27s attack was quite high, reached 49.34%. Twig caterpillar has been controlled by integrated pest management. Chemical control to decrease twig caterpillars attack in nursery has been done by using half dose of insecticide profenofos

Twig girdler and twig pruner

"Small branches accumulating on the ground and the presence of clean-cut twigs, and in some cases dangling (flagged) branch tips within a tree, indicate the presence of beetle pests referred to as twig girdlers and twig pruners. Both of these long-horned beetle species (Cerambycidae) attack numerous types of shade, nut and fruit trees. Heavily damaged trees appear ragged and unattractive, and young trees can become deformed by repeated attacks."--Page 1.Bruce A. Barrett (Department of Entomology)New 2/95; Reviewed 1/12/1M.Includes bibliographical reference

Comparison of template engines of PHP frameworks

In this study, we compared two common template Engines - Blade and Twig, which are closely related, but have some very strong differences. Blade belongs to the Laravel CMF, which is built on top of the Symfony CMF. The Symfony CMF itself has its own template engine called Twig. As a result, we want to find answers of several important questions: what are the differences between Blade and Twig that made it desirable for the Laravel developers to come up with a new template engine besides Twig; how do Twig and Blade answer to developer needs and to make some objective suggestions that can help choosing between the two engines

Twig girdler and twig pruner (2012)

Small branches accumulating on the ground and the presence of clean-cut twigs, and in some cases dangling (flagged) branch tips within a tree, indicate the presence of beetle pests referred to as twig girdlers and twig pruners. Both of these long-horned beetle species (Cerambycidae) attack numerous types of shade, nut and fruit trees. Heavily damaged trees appear ragged and unattractive, and young trees can become deformed by repeated attacksNew 2/95; Reviewed 1/12/1M

Realization of corner and helical edge states in topologically trivial band gap by twig edge

The twig edge states in graphene-like structures are viewed as the fourth states complementary to their zigzag, bearded, and armchair counterparts. In this work, we study a rod-in-plasma system in honeycomb lattice with twig edges under external magnetic fields and lattice scaling and show that twig edge states can exist in different phases of the system, such as quantum Hall phase, quantum spin Hall phase and insulating phase. The twig edge states in the quantum Hall phase exhibit robust one-way transmission property immune to backscattering and thus provide a novel avenue for solving the plasma communication blackout problem. Moreover, we demonstrate that corner and edge states can exist within the trivial band gap of the insulating phase by modulating the on-site potential of the twig edges. Especially, helical edge states with the unique feature of pseudospin-momentum locking that could be exited by chiral sources are demonstrated at the twig edges within the trivial band gap. Our results show that many topological-like behaviors of electromagnetic waves are not necessarily tied to the exact topology of the systems and the twig edges and interface engineering can bring new opportunities for more flexible manipulation of electromagnetic waves

The leaf size-twig size spectrum in evergreen broadleaved forest of subtropical China

Plant twig characters for 82 woody species including individual leaf and total leaf mass, stem mass, individual leaf area, total leaf area and stem cross-sectional area were investigated at the twig level in different altitudes and life forms on Meihuashan Mountain in Southeastern China. The results showed that twig cross-sectional area of plant twigs were found to allometrically scale to individual leaf area and total leaf area that the twig supported, all with the common SMA (standardized major axis) slopebeing significantly larger than 1.0. However, the spectrum of twig leaf mass–stem mass was found to be mostly isometric and the slope had no significant deviation from 1.0, the same as the spectrum of twigtotal leaf area–twig leaf mass. The allometric constants (y-intercepts) of the relationships between the stem cross-sectional area and leaf area (both total leaf area and individual leaf area) were found to decrease significantly along the altitudinal gradient. Compared to deciduous broad-leaved species, the evergreen broad-leaved species were smaller in total leaf area for a given cross-sectional area or stem mass. This suggests that the species would support less leaf area at a given twig cross-sectional area with increasing environmental stress. And the life form can modify leaf-stem scaling relationship because of the difference of function

Cartan Prolongation of a Family of Curves Acquiring a Node

Using the monster/Semple tower construction, we study the structure of the Cartan prolongation of the family $x_1x_2 = t$ of plane curves with nodal central member