Application of Activated Carbon and Natural Zeolite for Phosphate Removal from Laundry Wastewater

The number of laundry industry has been increasing rapidly which influences the amount of detergent usage in the washing process. Generally the laundry industries dump their wastewater directly to environment without any treatment. Phosphate contained in detergent shall accumulate in the environment then finally would cause eutrofication where the water body becomes rich of dissolved nutrient which effects the dissolved oxygen contained in water body. One of wastewater treatment methods is adsorption. Two different kinds of adsorbents were applied in this investigation namely activated carbon and natural zeolite. Synthetic laundry wastewater was used in order to control the phosphate concentration. The objective of this experiment was to study the removal of phosphate concentration of each adsorbent filled in adsorption column by using circulation method. The column has 1 inch of diameter, 50 cm of height, and 50 ml/minute of flowrate. The concentration of phosphate was varied between 2-8 mg/l whereas the adsorbent height in the column was varied between the ranges of 10-40 cm. The size of both adsorbents was 10 mesh. It was found that the natural zeolite was superior to remove the phosphate compared to activated carbon. The highest phosphate removal of 90% was obtained by using 40 cm of natural zeolite height in the adsorption column when make use the phosphate concentration of 2 mg/l

Color And COD Degradation of Procion Red Synthetic Dye by Using Fenton-TiO2 Method

Nowadays, environmental pollution caused by industrial wastewater is quite apprehensive. Most of textile industries used synthetic dyes. Procion red is one of the synthetic dyes that often used in textile industries and classified as a reactive dye that is difficult to decompose in nature and contain harmful toxins. One of the colored wastewater treatment process is by using Fenton reagent and TiO2 catalyst (Fenton-TiO2) as one of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). The objective of this research is to treat of procion red synthetic dye by using Fenton-TiO2 method and study the effect of procion red concentration, reaction time and the concentrations of TiO2 catalyst on color and COD degradation. In this experiment, the concentrations of procion red were varied between 150-300 ppm, the concentrations of TiO2 catalyst were varied from 0.05 to 0.4% (w/v) and the reaction time of 5 to 20 minutes. The optimum condition was achieved by using procion red concentration of 150 ppm with TiO2 catalyst concentration of 0.4% and reaction time of 20 minutes, which the maximum color and COD degradation of 98.67% and 92% were achieved respectively. This condition was applied to the real wastewater of textile home industry in Palembang. The color and COD degradation of 59% and 44% were found respectively after 220 minutes of reaction

Treatment of Wastewater Containing Hexavalent Chromium Using Zeolite Ceramic Adsorbent in Adsorption Column

Natural Zeolites in powdered form have commonly used as adsorbent and one of the most crucial compound in water treatment plant, in filter system of petrochemicals or other processes under environmentally, physically and chemically conditions.  But in the form of powder, zeolites are easily washed out in liquid or gas stream. Therefore, a modification would be necessary to solve this problem. Zeolites and clay were modified into ceramic adsorbent to adsorb heavy metal pollutant that is hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) contained in electroplating industrial effluents. Zeolite and clay were mixed evenly and molded into small balls with 5-6 mm diameter and dried at 1000oC for 48 hrs. This adsorbent was activated with HCl 32% solution for 1 hr to enhance its adsorption potential. Ten samples with various ratios of zeolite:clay (3:37-12:28) with the total adsorbent mass of 1000 g was examined.  Cr (VI) uptake in liquid wastewater was studied by varying contact time and the ratio of zeolite and clay. The effect of activation treatment with HCl 32% solution on adsorption performance of zeolite ceramic adsorbent was also investigated. Analysis of wastewater output indicates a reduction of hexavalent chromium concentration reaches 99.45% at contact time 10 h with 12:28 ratio of activated adsorbent. This shown that the process of adsorption had greatly reduced the contamination of Cr (VI) and may have been a solution for environment problem regarding wastewater containing Cr (VI).

Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Activated Carbon Ceramic Adsorbent in Adsorption Column

Using powdered activated carbon as the adsorbent is very common nowadays, but the problem rises due to its light structure makes it easily washed out after or during the adsorption process. This research provides a method to combine powdered activated carbon with clay and modify them into ceramic adsorbent, the combination is molded into small balls and then baked in furnace with high temperature of 1000 oC. Activated carbon has been known for so many years as an effective adsorbent, but its usage to adsorb heavy metals in acid mine drainage needs improvements to meet our expectation, chemical activation is one of the methods should be applied to enhance its adsorption capacity. The adsorbent is activated using alkali solution of NaOH 48% to fill its negative charge to enhance its ability in capturing heavy metallic cations contained in acid mine drainage. This research has proved that the adsorbent used is highly effective to reduce heavy metals pollutant in acid mine drainage, its adsorption capacity reaches most favorable results of 72.33% for Mn and 98.81% for Al at activated carbon:clay ratio 11:29 on contact time 300 min where pH increase is from 4 to 7.1. This may prove that the activated carbon ceramics adsorbent is effective enough to solve acid mine drainage problem

The Utilization Of Palm Oil Mill Effluent For Renewable Energy

The demand of energy in the world today has increased exponentially, therefore, more efforts have been focused on looking for alternative renewable sources, such as biodiesel, which involves fuel produced from oil of plant, or animal fat. The objective of the research, therefore, was to utilize the palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a raw material in the production of biodiesel, by applying varying solvent, extraction time and the effluent to solvent ratio. Furthermore, the best output of oil rendement of (81.07%), in comparison with the total sample taken,was obtained using n-hexane, at an extraction time of 3 days, and ratio of 1:1. Furthermore, the output possessed a high acid number. Hence, it is considered in the process of esterification and transesterification, required in the production of biodiesel. The HCl catalyst ratio of 1.25% (%v) was used in the esterification process, and the lowest acid number of 2.08 mg-KOH/gr was obtained, followed by the transesterification process, using 1.5% (%w) of NaOH catalyst of the oil weight. Hence, the characteristics of biodiesel produced were in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006.Keywords: POME, Biodiesel, Esterification and Transesterification, Extraction, n-Hexan

Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by using Fenton Method

The pulp and paper industry wastewater has not met the environmental uality standards set by the government so it may causes pollution to the environment; therefore, it is necessary to find a better wastewater treatment. The problem of this study is how to find the wastewater treatment alternative in order to get a more effective and efficient treatment. Fenton reagents are H2O2 compounds (hydrogen peroxide) with iron catalysts and is one of the Advance Oxidations Process (AOPs) methods, which can be used as an alternative to process wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the ratio of Fenton reagent molar concentration, temperature, and stirring time were varied, with stirring speed of 300 rpm, Fenton reagent volume of 25 mL, and pH set at 3. The visible parameters in this study were COD and TSS degradation. From this study, the best ratio of Fenton reagent is 1:2000, where this ratio can reduce the COD from 1002 mg/L to 176.05 mg/L and the TSS from 125 mg/L to 49.3 mg/L. This value has met the environmental quality standards for the pulp and paper industry set by the Indonesian government

Leachate Treatment of TPA Talang Gulo, Jambi City by Fenton Method and Adsorption

Leachate from a landfill (TPA) contains organic substances in high concentrations by gravitational force, the leachate formed will move to the bottom of the landfill (TPA) and will enter the soil, by carrying contaminated material, and both suspended material and dissolved material that can pollute ground water. One of the leachate treatment processes is using Fenton reagent and adsorption. The effect of reagent Fenton molar ratio and stirring time on degradation of COD, BOD and TSS were also investigated. In this study leachate was processed for 30- 120 minutes. the optimum conditions were achieved at a molar ratio of 1: 200, stirring time of 120 minutes, and adsorption using 120 minutes of activated carbon where the maximum decrease in COD, BOD and TSS achieved was 95%, 95% and 92% with a final concentration of 96 mg/L, 25.5 mg/ L and 90 mg/ L, which meet the environmental quality standard

Nitrogen Removal by Anammox Biofilm Column Reactor at Moderately Low Temperature

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) as a new biological approach for nitrogen removal has been considered to be more cost-effective compared with the combination of nitrification and denitrification process. However, the anammox bioreactors are mostly explored at high temperature (>300C) in which temperature controlling system is fully required. This research was intended to develop and to apply anammox process for high nitrogen concentration removal at ambient temperature used for treating wastewater in tropical countries. An up-flow biofilm column reactor, which the upper part constructed with a porous polyester non-woven fabric material as a carrier to attach the anammox bacteria was operated without heating system. A maximum nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 1.05 kg-N m3 d-1 was reached in the operation days of 178 with a Total Nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 74%. This showed the biofilm column anammox reactor was successfully applied to moderate high nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater at moderately low temperature. Keywords: Anammox, biofilm column reactor, ambient temperature, nitrogen remova

Kinetika Hidrolisis Minyak Biji Kapuk Dengan Larutan Natrium Karbonat Dalam Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk = Reaction Kinetics Of Hydrolysis Of Kapuk Seed Oil Using Sodium Carbonate Solution In A Continuous Stirred Tank

ABSTRACT Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil can be hydrolyzed to produce soap and glycerol. The hydrolysis of kapuk seed oil has been studied using a heterogeneous reaction approach. Hydrolysis of kapuk seed oil with sodium carbonate solution was carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The experiment was started with filling the reactor with sodium carbonate solution and heated to the desired temperature. At the same time, the kapuk seed oil was heated to the desired temperature in a flask. Then, the heated kapuk seed oil was added into the reactor at a certain ratio value so tahat the total volume of the liquid was 1000 mL The feed of sodium carbonate solution and the feed of kapuk seed oil were added separately with a certain volumetric flowrate into the reactor. During the process, the temperature of the reaction was kept constant using a waterbath. After steady state condition was reached, the sample was taken to determine the the glycerol content. The mass transfer coefficient (k2) and reaction rate constant (k1) values, were calculated using regression and least square methods. Based on the value of k1, k2, and Reynolds index, it was found that chemical reaction and mass transfer steps, both controlled the hydrolysis process. The chemical reaction constant could be expressed as Arrhenius equation : kr = (1,6002 x10-6) exp -715,2623/1 with an experimental error of ± 1,26%, and the relationship between the mass transfer coefficient with the speed of agitation (N), could be presented as : k2 = (3,7525 x 10-3)N (4596 with an experimental error of ± 0,04%. The relative favorable process condition was 50 minutes of resident time, temperature of 55°C, speed of agitation of 260 rpm, and sodium carbonate-oil equivalent ratio of 2,31. Under this condition the glyceride conversion was 33,41%. Keywords : kapuk seed oil - sodium carbonate - kinetic

STUDY OF SYNTHETIC DYE REMOVAL USING FENTON/TiO2, FENTON/UV, AND FENTON/TiO2/UV METHODS AND THE APPLICATION TO JUMPUTAN FABRIC WASTEWATER

Synthetic dyes were commonly used in textile industries such as Jumputan fabric industries in South Sumatera. Most of these industries were categorized as a home industry without a wastewater treatment plant, so the wastewater is released directly into waterbody. In general, the wastewater contains synthetic dyes, which are harmful to the environment and human body. Therefore, the wastewater needs to be treated before its release into the environment. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) is one of important synthetic dyes usually applied for colouring textile materials such as Jumputan fabric. The RR2 was used as a pollutant model in this research. The objective of the study is to compare the removal of RR2 by using Fenton/TiO2, Fenton/UV, and Fenton/TiO2/UV methods. Furthermore, the optimum conditions obtained were applied for the treatment of wastewater from Jumputan fabric industry. As a conclusion, the highest RR2 degradation of 100% was reached by using the Fenton/TiO2/UV method after 5 minutes of reaction. It was discovered that the optimum conditions were found when using [Fe2+]/[H2O2] molar ratio of 1:80, pH of 3, and TiO2 concentration of 0.4% (w/v). However, the application of the condition to the Jumputan wastewater treatment leads to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 94% within 120 minutes of reaction