The Birth of the Stars: A Participatory and Appreciative Action and Reflection Investigation into the Leadership and Development of a New Superleague Netball Club

This Participatory and Appreciative Action and Reflection (PAAR) investigation illustrates a leader’s first steps in a “valuesto-action” journey. Drawing on the interface between transformational leadership and organizational culture, this study focused on the birth of the Severn Stars—a professional netball club in the United Kingdom. In particular, this PAAR investigation explored how the leader’s values were operationalized through the club’s inaugural year. Fourteen operational managers, coaches, and players were individually interviewed in order to gain an appreciative gaze and subsequently reframe their lived experience. Results demonstrated how transformational leadership was manifested through the pragmatic deployment of club values and how the organizational culture was, in part, characterized by individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and inspirational motivation. These behaviors and the organizational culture were shown to enhance prosocial relationships and social connections across the club, the influence of the Super Stars, and stakeholders’ perceptions of autonomy

Editorial: Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects

Editorial on the Research Topic: Birth Advantages and Relative Age Effects: Exploring Organisational Structures in Youth Spor

Talent identification and relative age effects in English male rugby union pathways: From entry to expertise

A common practice in youth rugby union is to group players based on (bi)annual age with fixed cut-off dates. The overrepresentation of players born at the start of the cut-off date and the underrepresentation of players born toward the end of the cut-off date are termed relative age effects (RAEs). The aim of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into professional and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as comparing them to their respective senior cohort: U15 Regional Academy Player (n = 1,114) vs. Senior Professional Player (n = 281) and U16–23 England Academy Player (n = 849) vs. Senior International Player (n = 48). Chi-square (χ2) analysis compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals compared the likelihood of a BQ being selected. Findings revealed a significant overrepresentation of relatively older players compared with their relatively younger peers within both youth cohorts (P < 0.001; BQ1 = 42.5% vs. BQ4 = 9.6%; BQ1 = 36.5% vs. BQ4 = 15.2%). In comparison, there was no significant difference in the BQ distributions within both senior cohorts. Further, BQ4s were 3.86 and 3.9 times more likely to achieve senior professional and international levels than BQ1s and BQ2s, respectively. It is suggested that relatively younger players may have a greater likelihood of achieving expertise following entry into a rugby union talent pathway due to benefitting from more competitive play against relatively older counterparts during their development (e.g., reversal effects; the underdog hypothesis). Moreover, possible solutions (e.g., age and anthropometric banding; playing-up and playing-down) are discussed to encourage practitioners and policy makers to create the most appropriate learning environment for every player

Exploring the role of socioeconomic status and psychological characteristics on talent development in an English soccer academy

This is the final version. Available on open access from Routledge via the DOI in this recordSocial factors and psychological characteristics can influence participation and development in talent pathways. However, the interaction between these two factors is relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the implications of socioeconomic status and psychological characteristics in English academy soccer players (n=58; aged 11 to 16 years). To assess socioeconomic status, participants' home postcodes were coded according to each individual's social classification and credit rating, applying the UK General Registrar Classification system and CameoTM geodemographic database, respectively. Participants also completed the six factor Psychological Characteristics for Developing Excellence Questionnaire (PCDEQ). A classification of 'higher-potentials' (n=19) and 'lower-potentials' (n=19) were applied through coach potential rankings. Data were standardised using z-scores to eliminate age bias and data were analysed using independent sample t-tests. Results showed that higher-potentials derived from families with significantly lower social classifications (p=0.014) and reported higher levels for PCDEQ Factor 3 (coping with performance and developmental pressures) (p=0.007) compared to lower-potentials. This study can be used to support the impetus for researchers and practitioners to consider the role of social factors and psychological characteristics when developing sporting talent. For example, facilitating player-centred development within an academy and, where necessary, providing individuals with additional support

Talent identification and development in an English Premiership rugby union club: The perspectives of players and coaches

The pathway towards senior professional status in sport is affected by a multitude of factors. An abductive examination of the talent identification and development processes at an English Premiership rugby union (RU) club was undertaken for the present study. Part one examined the perspectives on the selection and development processes of senior academy male players (n = 8), whereas part two explored the perceptions of male coaches (n = 7). A total of three focus groups were used. Three main themes were confirmed by players and coaches: (a) task constraints, (b) performer constraints, and (c) environmental constraints. Specifically, although athletes and coaches believed that performer constraints were highly impactful on players' career in RU, there were inconsistencies surrounding the task and environmental constraints. Despite an indication that three common themes impacted an players path, this preliminary study shows an imbalance in the understanding of some of the key factors perceived to be important for talent progression in the present rugby academy. More research using similar qualitative methods is recommended to better understand the differences in opinions between players and coaches. Meanwhile, practitioners should consider implementing objective and holistic strategies to improve the talent pathway in English RU academies

“Birthday-Banding” as a Strategy to Moderate the Relative Age Effect: A Case Study Into the England Squash Talent Pathway

The relative age effect (RAE) is almost pervasive throughout youth sports, whereby relatively older athletes are consistently overrepresented compared to their relatively younger peers. Although researchers regularly cite the need for sports programs to incorporate strategies to moderate the RAE, organizational structures often continue to adopt a one-dimensional (bi)annual-age group approach. In an effort to combat this issue, England Squash implemented a “birthday-banding” strategy in its talent pathway, whereby young athletes move up to their next age group on their birthday, with the aim to remove particular selection time points and fixed chronological bandings. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the potential effects of the birthday-banding strategy on birth quarter (BQ) distributions throughout the England Squash talent pathway. Three mixed-gender groups were populated and analyzed: (a) ASPIRE athletes (n = 250), (b) Development and Potential athletes (n = 52), and (c) Senior team and Academy athletes (n = 26). Chi-square analysis and odds ratios were used to test BQ distributions against national norms and between quartiles, respectively. Results reveal no significant difference between BQ distributions within all three groups (P > 0.05). In contrast to most studies examining the RAE within athlete development settings, there appears to be no RAE throughout the England Squash talent pathway. These findings suggest that the birthday-banding strategy may be a useful tool to moderate RAE in youth sports

Exploring the role of socioeconomic status and psychological characteristics on talent development in an English soccer academy

Social factors and psychological characteristics can influence selection and development in talent pathways. However, the interaction between these two factors is relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the implications of socioeconomic status and psychological characteristics in English academy soccer players (n = 58; aged 11 to 16 years). To assess socioeconomic status, participants’ home postcodes were coded according to each individual’s social classification and credit rating, applying the UK General Registrar Classification system and CameoTM geodemographic database, respectively. Participants also completed the six factor Psychological Characteristics for Developing Excellence Questionnaire (PCDEQ). A classification of ‘higher-potentials’ (n = 19) and ‘lower-potentials’ (n = 19) were applied through coach potential rankings. Data were standardised using z-scores to eliminate age bias and data were analysed using independent sample t-tests. Results showed that higher-potentials derived from families with significantly lower social classifications (p = 0.014) and reported higher levels for PCDEQ Factor 3 (coping with performance and developmental pressures) (p = 0.007) compared to lower-potentials. This study can be used to support the impetus for researchers and practitioners to consider the role of social factors and psychological characteristics when selecting and developing sporting talent. For example, facilitating player-centred development within an academy and, where necessary, providing individuals with additional support

Cela va dans les deux sens : le point de vue des résidents sur l’efficacité des relations de coaching dans l’environnement d’apprentissage clinique

Background: Coaching has gained traction in postgraduate medical education to enhance interactions between residents and clinical teachers, but these relationships present unique challenges and tensions. In order to realize the promises of coaching in medical education, we must understand how coaching relationships can be enacted to optimize resident development. The purpose of this study was to explore residents’ perceptions of key characteristics for effective clinical teacher-resident (CT-R) coaching relationships.  Methods: We conducted four focus groups and eight interviews with residents at a Canadian academic center. Using a social constructionist approach, focus groups and interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed.  Results: Residents described three main characteristics that contributed to effective CT-R coaching relationships: safe, meaningful, and collaborative. Residents emphasized that these characteristics needed to be bidirectional in nature to be most effective, in that both the resident and clinical teacher embodied these characteristics.  Conclusions: Residents identified that effective coaching relationships were shaped not only by clinical teacher behaviours, but importantly, the quality of the interpersonal relationship that was fostered. Thus, it is imperative to consider the bidirectional nature of the CT-R coaching relationship when striving to enhance resident development.Contexte : Bien que le coaching ait gagné du terrain en éducation médicale postgraduée, notamment comme moyen de renforcer les interactions entre les résidents et les cliniciens enseignants, les rapports entre eux présentent néanmoins des défis et des tensions uniques. Pour atteindre les résultats souhaités en lien avec le coaching en éducation médicale, il faut comprendre comment ces interactions peuvent être mises à profit de façon à optimiser le perfectionnement des résidents. L’objectif de cette étude était d’explorer les perceptions des résidents quant aux caractéristiques clés d’une relation de coaching efficace entre le clinicien enseignant et le résident.  Méthodes : Nous avons organisé quatre groupes de discussion et huit entretiens avec des résidents d’un centre universitaire canadien. Suivant une approche socioconstructiviste, les groupes de discussion et les entrevues ont été enregistrés, les verbatims ont été transcrits et ensuite analysés de façon thématique.  Résultats : Les résidents ont décrit trois caractéristiques principales de la relation de coaching pouvant contribuer à son efficacité : elle doit être sécuritaire, significative et collaborative. Ils ont insisté sur le fait que pour atteindre une efficacité optimale des interactions de coaching, ces caractéristiques devaient être bidirectionnelles, à savoir présentes tant chez le résident que le clinicien enseignant.  Conclusions : D’après les résidents, si l’efficacité de la relation de coaching est déterminée par les comportements des cliniciens enseignants, elle dépend surtout de la qualité des rapports interpersonnels cultivés. Il est donc impératif de tenir compte de la nature bidirectionnelle de la relation de coaching entre cliniciens enseignants et résidents lorsqu’on vise à améliorer le développement de ces derniers

It’s a ‘two-way street’: resident perspectives of effective coaching relationships in the clinical learning environment

Background: Coaching has gained traction in postgraduate medical education to enhance interactions between residents and clinical teachers, but these relationships present unique challenges and tensions. In order to realize the promises of coaching in medical education, we must understand how coaching relationships can be enacted to optimize resident development. The purpose of this study was to explore residents’ perceptions of key characteristics for effective clinical teacher-resident (CT-R) coaching relationships. Methods: We conducted four focus groups and eight interviews with residents at a Canadian academic center. Using a social constructionist approach, focus groups and interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed. Results: Residents described three main characteristics that contributed to effective CT-R coaching relationships: safe, meaningful, and collaborative. Residents emphasized that these characteristics needed to be bidirectional in nature to be most effective, in that both the resident and clinical teacher embodied these characteristics. Conclusions: Residents identified that effective coaching relationships were shaped not only by clinical teacher behaviours, but importantly, the quality of the interpersonal relationship that was fostered. Thus, it is imperative to consider the bidirectional nature of the CT-R coaching relationship when striving to enhance resident development.Contexte : Bien que le coaching ait gagné du terrain en éducation médicale postgraduée, notamment comme moyen de renforcer les interactions entre les résidents et les cliniciens enseignants, les rapports entre eux présentent néanmoins des défis et des tensions uniques. Pour atteindre les résultats souhaités en lien avec le coaching en éducation médicale, il faut comprendre comment ces interactions peuvent être mises à profit de façon à optimiser le perfectionnement des résidents. L’objectif de cette étude était d’explorer les perceptions des résidents quant aux caractéristiques clés d’une relation de coaching efficace entre le clinicien enseignant et le résident. Méthodes : Nous avons organisé quatre groupes de discussion et huit entretiens avec des résidents d’un centre universitaire canadien. Suivant une approche socioconstructiviste, les groupes de discussion et les entrevues ont été enregistrés, les verbatims ont été transcrits et ensuite analysés de façon thématique. Résultats : Les résidents ont décrit trois caractéristiques principales de la relation de coaching pouvant contribuer à son efficacité : elle doit être sécuritaire, significative et collaborative. Ils ont insisté sur le fait que pour atteindre une efficacité optimale des interactions de coaching, ces caractéristiques devaient être bidirectionnelles, à savoir présentes tant chez le résident que le clinicien enseignant. Conclusions : D’après les résidents, si l’efficacité de la relation de coaching est déterminée par les comportements des cliniciens enseignants, elle dépend surtout de la qualité des rapports interpersonnels cultivés. Il est donc impératif de tenir compte de la nature bidirectionnelle de la relation de coaching entre cliniciens enseignants et résidents lorsqu’on vise à améliorer le développement de ces derniers