Physicochemical and textural quality attributes of gluten-free bread formulated with guar gum

The objective of this study was to assess the combined effect of guar gum (GG) and water content (WC) on the rheological properties of batter, and the physicochemical and textural properties of bread. Batches of gluten-free bread used a base formulation of rice (50%), maize (30%) and quinoa flour (20%), with different levels of GG (2.5, 3.0 or 3.5%) and water (90, 100 or 110%) in a full factorial design. Higher GG doses (p<0.001) tended to produce batters of lower stickiness, work of adhesion and cohesive strength; yet, of higher firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index. These batters yielded loaves of lower (p<0.001) specific volume and baking loss; and crumbs of lower (p<0.001) aw, pH, mean cell area, void fraction, mean cell aspect ratio; and higher (p<0.001) hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience, mean cell density, cell size uniformity and mean cell compactness. The sticker and less consistent batters produced with higher WC rendered larger bread loaves of softer and more cohesive and springy/resilient crumbs with greater mean cell size and void fraction. Gluten-free loaves of good appearance in terms of higher specific volume, lower crumb hardness, higher crumb springiness, and open grain visual texture were obtained in formulations with 110% WC and GG doses between 2.5 and 3.0%.Eng. Encina-Zelada acknowledges the financial aid provided by the Peruvian National Programme of Scholarships and Student Loans (PRONABEC) in the mode of PhD grants (Presidente de la República-183308). The authors are grateful to Eng. Andrea Oliveira from Prodipani, Portugal, for her kind advice and providing breadmaking ingredients.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enzyme catalyzed reverse enantiomeric separation of methyl (+/-)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate

We describe the differences of hydrolase-type enzymes pig liver esterase (PLE), horse liver esterase (HLE), and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) on the hydrolysis of methyl (+/-)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate to afford both enantiomers with 89% to > 99% ee. The resultant enantiomerically pure (S)-(-)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid was transformed into (1S,5S)-(-)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol via iodolactonization, subsequent elimination of iodine with 1,8-diazibicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH)

Non-discrimination, minority rights and self-determination: Turkey’s post-coup state of emergency and the position of Turkey’s Kurds

States of emergency are often declared due to underlying problems of minority group accommodation, and the extraordinary limitation of rights arising from them tends to have a particularly striking effect on such groups. This was true, for instance, with the emergency measures adopted by the British authorities in the context of the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. The same appears true in respect of the Turkish state of emergency in the aftermath of the failed military coup of 15 July 2016 vis-à-vis the position of Turkey’s Kurds. In spite of the fact that the declaration of the state of emergency constituted a response to an attempted coup which was, allegedly, orchestrated by the Gülen movement, it is clear that the resulting derogating measures have also targeted ‘other individuals and organizations’, mainly those allegedly connected to the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), and thus extended to Turkey’s Kurdish periphery. This chapter seeks to map the impact of the Turkish post-coup derogation measures on Turkey’s Kurds and to test them against the non-discrimination principle, minority rights, and the right of self-determination

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of alpha(1)- and alpha-acetoxylated cyclic ketones

alpha,beta-Unsaturated and saturated cyclic ketones were selectively oxidized at the alpha'- and alpha-positions using Mn(OAc)(3) and Pb(OAc)(4), respectively, resulting in high chemical yields. The resultant racemic alpha'- and alpha-acetoxylated substrates were resolved into corresponding enantiomerically enriched alpha'- and alpha-hydroxylated and acetoxylated compounds with 96-98% ee via PLE hydrolysis. The absolute configurations of alpha'-acetoxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclic ketones were determined by transforming them into the corresponding saturated alpha-acetoxy cyclic ketones of known absolute configuration

Non-discrimination, minority rights and self-determination : Turkey’s post-coup state of emergency and the position of Turkey’s Kurds

States of emergency are often declared due to underlying problems of minority group accommodation, and the extraordinary limitation of rights arising from them tends to have a particularly striking effect on such groups. This was true, for instance, with the emergency measures adopted by the British authorities in the context of the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. The same appears true in respect of the Turkish state of emergency in the aftermath of the failed military coup of 15 July 2016 vis-à-vis the position of Turkey’s Kurds. In spite of the fact that the declaration of the state of emergency constituted a response to an attempted coup which was, allegedly, orchestrated by the Gülen Movement, it is clear that the resulting derogating measures have also targeted ‘other individuals and organizations’, mainly those allegedly connected to the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), and thus extended to Turkey’s Kurdish periphery. This chapter seeks to map the impact of the Turkish post-coup derogation measures on Turkey’s Kurds and to test them against the non-discrimination principle, minority rights, and the right of self-determination