Hamiltonian formalism for nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations

We study the Hamiltonian formalism for second order and fourth order nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations. In the case of second order equation, we consider cubic and logarithmic nonlinearities. Since the Lagrangians generating these nonlinear equations are degenerate, we follow the Dirac-Bergmann formalism to construct their corresponding Hamiltonians. In order to obtain consistent equations of motion, the Dirac-Bergmann formalism imposes some set of constraints which contribute to the total Hamiltonian along with their Lagrange multipliers. The order of the Lagrangian degeneracy determines the number of the primary constraints. Multipliers are determined by the time consistency of constraints. If a constraint is not a constant of motion, a secondary constraint is introduced to force the consistency. We show that for both second order nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations we only have primary constraints, and the form of nonlinearity does not change the constraint dynamics of the system. However, introducing a higher order dispersion changes the constraint dynamics and secondary constraints are needed to construct a consistent Hamilton equations of motion.Comment: 8 page

Is adiponectin elevation associated with left atrial remodeling and impaired mechanical functions? (a speckle tracking study)

Objectives Recent studies demonstrated that elevated adiponectin levels predicted an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke; however, a causal relationship is yet to be unknown. Reduced left atrium (LA) functions detected by two-dimensional echocardiographic speckle tracking (2D-STE) can predict AF development. We aimed to investigate the relationship between adiponectin level and LA functions in hypertensive and diabetic patients at high risk for incident AF. Material and methods The study consisted of 80 hypertensive diabetic patients. All patients underwent echocardiography, and venous blood samples were taken. The relationship between adiponectin levels and LA functions was analyzed. Results We divided patients into two groups according to the mean adiponectin level (13.63 ng/ml). In the high adiponectin group, the mean age (p=0.001) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=0.015) were higher, whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p=0.036) and hemoglobin (p=0.014) levels were lower. Although LA maximum volume, LA minimum volume, and LA pre-A volume were higher in the group with high adiponectin levels, they did not reach a statistical significance. Peak early diastolic LA strain (S-LAe) (p=0.048) and strain rate (SR-LAe) (p=0.017) were lower in this group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age (p=0.003) and hemoglobin (p=0.006) were predictors of elevated adiponectin levels. On the contrary, S-LAe, HDL cholesterol, and eGFR lost their statistical significance. Conclusion In patients with HT and DM, elevated adiponectin level is associated with impaired LA mechanical functions. Increased age and hemoglobin level are independent predictors of elevated adiponectin levels

Lazer Barkod Destekli Cerrahi Alet Takip Sistemi

International audienc

Examination of the Burnout Levels of Basketball Players in Terms of Gender, Age and Experience

The purpose of this study is to examine the burnout levels of basketball players in terms of gender, age and experience. A total of 270 (124 female and 146 male) basketball players (age mean x = 23.07 ± 1.28 years) participated in the study. Maslach’s Burnout Inventory was developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted to Turkish by Ergin (1992) was used to measure the burnout levels of basketball players for collecting data. The data were analyzed with SPSS program. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to test the internal consistency of the scale. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for paired group comparisons. The Kruskal Wallis H test was used for the multiple group comparisons. When Mann Whitney U test results were examined, Emotional Exhaustion (p = .063, p> .05), Depersonalization (p = .498, p> .05) and Personal Accomplishment (p = .599, p> .05), there was no significant difference between male and female basketball players according to gender. According to Kruskall Wallis H test results, the variables of emotional exhaustion (p = .162, p> .05), Depersonalization (p=.319, p>.05) and Personal Accomplishment (p = .284, p> .05) no significant difference was observed. According to Kruskall Wallis H test results, there was no significant difference in Personal Accomplishment (p = .674, p> .05) sub-dimensions according to experience variable. However, significant differences were found in the subscales of Emotional Exhaustion (p = .002, p <.05) and Depersonalization (p = .033, p <.05) compared to the experience variable. As a result, the level of burnout is important for the experience of basketball players

Examining superstitious behavior usage frequencies in sportSporda batıl davranış kullanım sıklıklarının incelenmesi

The purpose of this study was to examine superstitious behavior usage frequencies according to gender, sport branch, active sport life duration and sport achievement importance in athletes. The sample consists of a total of 160 athletes at basketball, football, tennis and athletics branches in the 1st, 2nd, regional league, amateur league and special sports clubs in Mersin region. In this study for gathering data “Superstitious Ritual Questionnare” were used. Mann Whitney U test is applied to compare two independent groups, Kruskall Wallis test is applied to compare more than two independent groups in the study. SPSS 20.0 for Windows package program was used in data analysis and assessment. As a result, there is a significant difference between tennis division athletes and basketball division athletes in superstitious ritual usage frequency. Furthermore it is found that female athletes use superstitious rituals more than male athletes in gender. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı sporcularda cinsiyet, branş, aktif spor yaşam süresine ve sportif başarının önemine göre batıl davranış kullanım sıklıklarını belirlemektir. Araştırma örneklemini Mersin bölgesindeki 1.lig, 2.lig, bölgesel lig, amatör lig ve özel spor kulüplerinde oynayan basketbol, futbol, tenis, atletizm branşlarında toplam 160 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla “Sporda Batıl İnanç ve Davranış Envanteri” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada bağımsız iki grup karşılaştırmalarında Mann Whitney U testi, bağımsız ikiden fazla grubun karşılaştırılmasında Kruskall Wallis testi kullanılmıştır. Veri analizi ve değerlendirmesinde SPSS for Windows 20.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak branşlara göre bakıldığında batıl davranış kullanım sıklıkları bakımından tenis branşındaki sporcularla basketbol branşındaki sporcular arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Ayrıca araştırmada cinsiyetler açısından kadın sporcuların erkeklere göre daha fazla batıl davranış kullandıkları gözlenmiştir

The role of serum podocalyxin levels in recurrent pregnancy loss

Objective: To measure serum levels of podocalyxin (PODXL) in recurrent miscarriages as a marker of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Study design: In this case-control study, women who were hospitalized for singleton first-trimester pregnancy terminations due to missed abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and inevitable abortion were included. There were 24 patients who were admitted for the first pregnancy termination, 39 patients who were admitted for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and 25 fetal cardiac activity positive patients as the control group. Demographic features, medical and obstetric histories were recorded. The measurements of serum PODXL were done by a human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: Serum PODXL levels were found to be significantly higher in the RPL group than the control group and the first time miscarriage group (13.82 [10.09 113.54] vs. 11.78 [9.25 48.80], p = 0.016 and 13.82 [10.09–113.54] vs. 11.99 [8.20–20.47], p = 0.003; respectively). Serum PODXL levels were not statistically significantly different between the first miscarriage and the control group (p = 0.62). There were positive correlation between serum PODXL levels and the number of gravida and the number of miscarriages (r = 0.217, p = 0.042, and r = 0.291, p = 0.006; respectively). Conclusion: Recurrent miscarriage patients had higher serum levels of PODXL than both normal pregnancies and first-time miscarriages. Our results suggest that maternal endothelial dysfunction might have a role in recurrent pregnancy losses

Farklı Tuzluluk Düzeylerinin Sarımsakta (Allium sativum L.) Verim ve Bazı Kalite Özelliklerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir sarımsağı üzerine farklı tuz dozlarının (1.60, 2.87, 4.14, 5.41, 6.68 ve 7.95 dS m-1) etkisi, verim ile toplam kuru madde, suda çözünür kuru madde, toplam şeker, toplam asit, vitamin C ve protein gibi bazı kalite özellikleri belirlenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Deneme tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 6 yinelemeli olarak sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, farklı tuz uygulamalarının baş verimi ve kalitesi üzerine istatistikî olarak önemli etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Baş verimi, toplam şeker ve asit içerikleri 2.87 dS m-1’ye kadar artış gösterirken, en yüksek suda çözünür kuru madde ve protein içeriği 4.14 dS m-1’de elde edilmiş, söz konusu düzeylerin üzerindeki tuzluluk seviyelerinde değerler azalmıştır. Benzer biçimde, toplam kuru madde miktarı 4.14 dS m-1’ye kadar toprak tuzluluğundan etkilenmemiş ancak bu düzeyden sonra önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. Ayrıca, tuzluluktaki artışla Vitamin C içeriği azalmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, 4.14 dS m-1’ye kadar toprak tuzluluğunda yeterli düzeyde kaliteli ve verimli sarımsak yetiştirilebileceği belirlenmiştir

Single Enteral Loading Dose of Phenobarbital for Achieving Its Therapeutic Serum Levels in Neonates

Aim To investigate whether therapeutic serum drug levels may be achieved with a single enteral loading dose of phenobarbital. Methods The study was performed at the Mersin University Hospital in Turkey between April 2004 and August 2006, and included 29 newborn babies with seizure. After the acute treatment of the seizure with midazolam at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, phenobarbital was administered by orogastric route at a loading dose of 20 mg/kg. Serum phenobarbital concentrations were measured at 0.5, 3, 6, and 12 hours after the loading. Serum phenobarbital levels between 10- 30 μg/mL were considered as the therapeutic range. Results The serum phenobarbital levels reached therapeutic values in 9 (31%), 19 (66%), 21 (72%), and 23 (79%) patients at 0.5, 3, 6, and 12 hours after loading, respectively, while they did not reach therapeutic values in 6 patients (21%) after 12 hours. Four of the patients in whom there was no increase in serum phenobarbital levels had hypoxic- ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion Enteral loading of phenobarbital can achieve therapeutic serum levels in the large majority of newborn babies with seizure and may be safely used in babies with the intact gastrointestinal tract

Hamiltonian formalism for nonlinear Schrödinger equations

We study the Hamiltonian formalism for second and fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger equations. In the case of the second order equation, we consider cubic and logarithmic nonlinearities. Since the Lagrangians generating these nonlinear equations are degenerate, we follow the Dirac–Bergmann formalism to construct their corresponding Hamiltonians. In order to obtain consistent equations of motion, the Dirac–Bergmann formalism imposes some set of constraints that contribute to the total Hamiltonian along with their Lagrange multipliers. The order of the Lagrangian degeneracy determines the number of primary constraints. If a constraint is not a constant of motion, a secondary constraint is introduced to force the consistency condition. We show that for second order and fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger equations we only have primary constraints, and the form of nonlinearity or the order of derivatives does not change the constraint dynamics of the system. However, we observe that introducing new fields to treat higher derivatives in the Lagrangians of these equations changes the constraint dynamics, and secondary constraints are needed to construct a consistent set of Hamilton equations