The postbinding activity of scavenger receptor class B type I mediates initiation of hepatitis C virus infection and viral dissemination.

International audienceUNLABELLED: Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor highly expressed in the liver and modulating HDL metabolism. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to directly interact with SR-BI and requires this receptor to efficiently enter into hepatocytes to establish productive infection. A complex interplay between lipoproteins, SR-BI and HCV envelope glycoproteins has been reported to take place during this process. SR-BI has been demonstrated to act during binding and postbinding steps of HCV entry. Although the SR-BI determinants involved in HCV binding have been partially characterized, the postbinding function of SR-BI remains largely unknown. To uncover the mechanistic role of SR-BI in viral initiation and dissemination, we generated a novel class of anti-SR-BI monoclonal antibodies that interfere with postbinding steps during the HCV entry process without interfering with HCV particle binding to the target cell surface. Using the novel class of antibodies and cell lines expressing murine and human SR-BI, we demonstrate that the postbinding function of SR-BI is of key impact for both initiation of HCV infection and viral dissemination. Interestingly, this postbinding function of SR-BI appears to be unrelated to HDL interaction but to be directly linked to its lipid transfer function. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results uncover a crucial role of the SR-BI postbinding function for initiation and maintenance of viral HCV infection that does not require receptor-E2/HDL interactions. The dissection of the molecular mechanisms of SR-BI-mediated HCV entry opens a novel perspective for the design of entry inhibitors interfering specifically with the proviral function of SR-BI

Etude des facteurs cellulaires responsables de l'initiation et de la dissémination du virus de l'hépatite C

HCV infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. The current SOC is still limited by high costs, toxicity and emergence of viral resistance. In the first part of my thesis we focused our workon viral entry. Viral entry is required for initiation, spread, and maintenance of infection, and thus is a promising target for the development of new antiviral therapies. CD81 and SR-BI are the first entry factors identified as important for HCV entry. In our work we confirmed their crucial role in entry, especially at the post-binding step. In addition we proved their key role in viral dissemination through the cell-cell transmission. As HCV mainly infects hepatocytes, we studied in the second part of my thesis, the restricted cellular tropism of HCV to hepatocytes and we defined the minimal host factors rendering non hepatic cell lines susceptible to HCV infection by the establishment of a powerful tool to identify new assembly and replication factors.Le VHC est une cause majeure de cancer du foie. Le traitement actuel est caractérisé par à un cout élevé, la présence de toxicité et l’émergence de résistance virale. Dans la 1ère partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’entrée virale. L’entrée est nécessaire pour l’initiation ; la dissémination et le maintien de l’infection et représente ainsi une cible intéressante dans le développement de thérapies antivirales : CD81 et SRBI sont les 1ers facteurs décrits comme importants pour l’entrée : Nous avons confirmé leur rôle clé dans l’entrée et les étapes suivant l’entrée. De plus, nous avons montré leur rôle crucial dans la transmission cellule/cellule. Le VHC infecte principalement les hépatocytes, nous avons étudié en seconde partie de ma thèse le tropisme restreint du VHC aux hépatocytes. En définissant les facteurs essentiels à l’infection de cellules non hépatiques et en développant un modèle cellulaire afin d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs d’assemblage et de réplication du VHC

Study of cellular factors responsible for initiation and spread of hepatitis C virus

Le VHC est une cause majeure de cancer du foie. Le traitement actuel est caractérisé par à un cout élevé, la présence de toxicité et l’émergence de résistance virale. Dans la 1ère partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’entrée virale. L’entrée est nécessaire pour l’initiation ; la dissémination et le maintien de l’infection et représente ainsi une cible intéressante dans le développement de thérapies antivirales : CD81 et SRBI sont les 1ers facteurs décrits comme importants pour l’entrée : Nous avons confirmé leur rôle clé dans l’entrée et les étapes suivant l’entrée. De plus, nous avons montré leur rôle crucial dans la transmission cellule/cellule. Le VHC infecte principalement les hépatocytes, nous avons étudié en seconde partie de ma thèse le tropisme restreint du VHC aux hépatocytes. En définissant les facteurs essentiels à l’infection de cellules non hépatiques et en développant un modèle cellulaire afin d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs d’assemblage et de réplication du VHC.HCV infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. The current SOC is still limited by high costs, toxicity and emergence of viral resistance. In the first part of my thesis we focused our workon viral entry. Viral entry is required for initiation, spread, and maintenance of infection, and thus is a promising target for the development of new antiviral therapies. CD81 and SR-BI are the first entry factors identified as important for HCV entry. In our work we confirmed their crucial role in entry, especially at the post-binding step. In addition we proved their key role in viral dissemination through the cell-cell transmission. As HCV mainly infects hepatocytes, we studied in the second part of my thesis, the restricted cellular tropism of HCV to hepatocytes and we defined the minimal host factors rendering non hepatic cell lines susceptible to HCV infection by the establishment of a powerful tool to identify new assembly and replication factors

Study of cellular factors responsible for initiation and spread of hepatitis C virus

Le VHC est une cause majeure de cancer du foie. Le traitement actuel est caractérisé par à un cout élevé, la présence de toxicité et l’émergence de résistance virale. Dans la 1ère partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’entrée virale. L’entrée est nécessaire pour l’initiation ; la dissémination et le maintien de l’infection et représente ainsi une cible intéressante dans le développement de thérapies antivirales : CD81 et SRBI sont les 1ers facteurs décrits comme importants pour l’entrée : Nous avons confirmé leur rôle clé dans l’entrée et les étapes suivant l’entrée. De plus, nous avons montré leur rôle crucial dans la transmission cellule/cellule. Le VHC infecte principalement les hépatocytes, nous avons étudié en seconde partie de ma thèse le tropisme restreint du VHC aux hépatocytes. En définissant les facteurs essentiels à l’infection de cellules non hépatiques et en développant un modèle cellulaire afin d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs d’assemblage et de réplication du VHC.HCV infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. The current SOC is still limited by high costs, toxicity and emergence of viral resistance. In the first part of my thesis we focused our workon viral entry. Viral entry is required for initiation, spread, and maintenance of infection, and thus is a promising target for the development of new antiviral therapies. CD81 and SR-BI are the first entry factors identified as important for HCV entry. In our work we confirmed their crucial role in entry, especially at the post-binding step. In addition we proved their key role in viral dissemination through the cell-cell transmission. As HCV mainly infects hepatocytes, we studied in the second part of my thesis, the restricted cellular tropism of HCV to hepatocytes and we defined the minimal host factors rendering non hepatic cell lines susceptible to HCV infection by the establishment of a powerful tool to identify new assembly and replication factors

Getting closer to the patient: upgrade of hepatitis C virus infection in primary human hepatocytes.

International audienceHepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a major public health problem, affecting approximately 130 million people worldwide. HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease, as well as extrahepatic complications such as cryoglobulinemia and lymphoma. Preventative and therapeutic options are severely limited; there is no HCV vaccine available, and nonspecific, IFN-based treatments are frequently ineffective. Development of targeted antivirals has been hampered by the lack of robust HCV cell culture systems that reliably predict human responses. Here, we show the entire HCV life cycle recapitulated in micropatterned cocultures (MPCCs) of primary human hepatocytes and supportive stroma in a multiwell format. MPCCs form polarized cell layers expressing all known HCV entry factors and sustain viral replication for several weeks. When coupled with highly sensitive fluorescence- and luminescence-based reporter systems, MPCCs have potential as a high-throughput platform for simultaneous assessment of in vitro efficacy and toxicity profiles of anti-HCV therapeutics

[Open Sesame: regulation of hepatitis C virus entry into hepatocytes].

International audienceNo abstrac

Reconstitution of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle in non-hepatic cells.: HCV life cycle in non-hepatic cells

International audienceHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human hepatotropic virus, yet the relevant host factors restricting HCV infection to hepatocytes are only partially understood. We demonstrate that exogenous expression of defined host factors reconstituted the entire HCV life cycle in human non-hepatic 293T cells. This study shows robust HCV entry, RNA replication, and production of infectious virus in human non-hepatic cells, and highlights key host factors required for liver tropism of HCV

A Novel Monoclonal Anti-CD81 Antibody Produced by Genetic Immunization Efficiently Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Cell-Cell Transmission

Background and Aims: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a challenge to prevent and treat because of the rapid development of drug resistance and escape. Viral entry is required for initiation, spread, and maintenance of infection, making it an attractive target for antiviral strategies. Methods: Using genetic immunization, we produced four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the HCV host entry factor CD81. The effects of antibodies on inhibition of HCV infection and dissemination were analyzed in HCV permissive human liver cell lines. Results: The anti-CD81 mAbs efficiently inhibited infection by HCV of different genotypes as well as a HCV escape variant selected during liver transplantation and re-infecting the liver graft. Kinetic studies indicated that anti-CD81 mAbs target a post-binding step during HCV entry. In addition to inhibiting cell-free HCV infection, one antibody was also able to block neutralizing antibody-resistant HCV cell-cell transmission and viral dissemination without displaying any detectable toxicity. Conclusion: A novel anti-CD81 mAb generated by genetic immunization efficiently blocks HCV spread and dissemination. This antibody will be useful to further unravel the role of virus-host interactions during HCV entry and cell-cell transmission. Furthermore, this antibody may be of interest for the development of antivirals for prevention and treatment of HC

Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures Are Associated With Treatment Failure and Modulation of Viral Entry and Neutralization

International audienc