Implementation and evaluation of air flow and heat transfer routines for building simulation tools

Environmental, epidemiological and economical reasons increase the pressure to design, construct and maintain better buildings in the future. Therefore, a new assembly of simulation routines for predicting both ventilation and heat transfer processes of buildings were studied. The work was limited to implementation and evaluation of new air flow and heat transfer routines for building simulation tools. Development of simulation tool user-interfaces, post-processors and component database have all been excluded. The simulation routines were implemented in a new building simulation tool BUS++, which was based on discretisation and solution of mass, momentum, and heat balance equations. Ventilation fans, external wind and thermal buoyancy were included as driving forces for air infiltration and ventilation process. Two completely new routines were developed and implemented to obtain more reliable estimations of dynamic and multi-mode heat transfer covering thermal convection, conduction, and radiation. The first new routine focused on defining a rational thermal calculation network, and the second one concentrated on simulation of thermal radiation in a room. Finally, a rigorous set of tests were conducted to validate the air flow and heat transfer routines implemented in BUS++. The test set included commonly utilised analytical verifications and inter-model comparisons as well as completely new empirical validation test cases. The new rational gridding method reduced simulation times by 44 % to 86 % in a typical slab test case with a cyclic excitation, and the new routine for thermal radiation was up to ten times faster than the conventional matrix radiosity method. In addition, the simulation and validation data showed good agreement, especially for the analytical verifications and inter-model comparisons with typical differences less than 2 %. Despite these promising results, more research work is needed to further develop the simulation routines. In the future, special attention ought to be paid to simulation tool user-interfaces to facilitate full utilisation of the simulation tool by a wide range of users.reviewe

SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON HUMAN THERMAL SENSATION

ABSTRACT This paper describes the basic features of a new advanced human thermal model (HTM), which is integrated with a building simulation tool. The thermal sensation calculation of the model has been validated using dynamical temperature step change test results. This new methodology seems promising, and significance of both internal (metabolic rate and clothing) and external (air and surface temperature levels, air velocity, and humidity) boundary conditions can be estimated. This is beneficial, for example, when evaluating new technical concepts for future energy-efficient buildings

Los diálogos entre el contenido y la lengua: cautelas y retos en la emergencia de un programa de educación bilingüe

This paper presents a set of ideas about the basics for developing interdisciplinary dialogues between content (science) and language (English) in bilingual educational processes, under the premise that a satisfactory relationship between those elements help guarantee successful content-based instruction (CBI) in its form known as sheltered instruction. Additionally, a practical example (based on a science curriculum) is presented to demonstrate some principles that inform approaches to teaching such content. Finally, based on the authors’ interdisciplinary work and pedagogical experiences, some recommendations on teaching content and language in bilingual settings are presented in the form of cautions (a balance of actions) and challenges (prospects).Este artículo presenta un conjunto de ideas fundamentales para llevar a cabo diálogos interdisciplinarios entre contenido (ciencias naturales) y lengua (inglés) en procesos de educación bilingüe, bajo premisa de que un vínculo satisfactorio entre ambos elementos ayuda a garantizar una instrucción basada en contenidos (CBI) exitosa, particularmente, en su forma de instrucción amparada. En adición, un ejemplo práctico (basado en un currículo de ciencias naturales) se presenta para demostrar algunos principios que dan cuenta de algunos enfoques para enseñar dicho contenido. Finalmente, con base en el trabajo interdisciplinario y la experiencia pedagógica de sus autores, se presentan algunas recomendaciones sobre la enseñanza de contenido y lengua en ambientes bilingües, a manera de cautelas (balance de acciones) y retos (prospectivas)

Energiatehokkuuden mittarit ja potentiaalit

The first objective of the research ‘Energy Efficiency Metrics and Improvement Potentials’ was to study how energy efficiency is measured in different sectors. The second objective was to study how energy efficiency improvement potential could be evaluated on a sectoral basis, and more comprehensively in society as a whole. The research covered five sectors: communities, buildings, transportation and logistics, (process) industry and energy production. According to the Energy Service Directive 2006/32/EC (EC, 2006), energy efficiency is defined as “a ratio between an output of performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy”. The output of performance, service, goods or energy covers a wide range of subjects. This results in a variety of energy efficiency metrics. Sometimes it is useful to provide a broader perspective on energy efficiency measurement(e.g. kWh/m3, kWh/m2, etc. in the construction and real estate sector). Sometimes explanatory metrics are also needed, e.g. ‘the capacity utilisation rate’ in the process industry sector. In the analysis of efficiency, one must make decisions about how to set the balance boundary and how to take the life-cycle aspects into account. It is worthwhile to compare only objects which have been defined in a similar way. Energy is used in different forms: as fuel, electricity and heat. Different forms of energy should not be aggregated until they have been transformed into a comparable form. This is made using so-called primary energy factors. There are varying practices in the use of primary energy factors, and the ways in which they are calculated is not well established. Energy efficiency and energy efficiency potential should be studied primarily using energy units. Carbon dioxide (or greenhouse gas) efficiency can be used as a supporting and complementary evaluation criterion. Energy efficiency improvement potential means a difference in energy consumption between the current situation and the reference situation. Defining the reference situation, i.e. the target state, is one of the challenges in calculating the potential. Such a target state can be the best known reference (such as BAT), or ideal performance. No common method exists to define the target state, so practices vary between the sectors. For example, the concept ‘ideal state’ is not even suitable in communities and logistics. A case study was carried out during the late part of the research to calculate the energy efficiency potential of an example area. The study was made in the Kalasatama district near the city centre of Helsinki. The case study verified for example, that metrics from different sectors can be combined in a single study. Based on the study it can be said that the methods being used are still undeveloped, and much research is needed in this area. In practical work, emphasis should be put on reaching agreements concerning the standardisation of energy efficiency calculation methods.Energiatehokkuuden mittarit ja potentiaalit (EPO) – tutkimushankkeen ensimmäinen tavoite oli selvittää, miten energiatehokkuutta mitataan eri sektoreilla. Toinen tavoite oli selvittää, miten energiatehokkuuden parannuspotentiaalia arvioidaan sektorikohtaisesti ja myös kattavammin koko yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimuksessa mukana olleet sektorit olivat: yhdyskunnat, rakennukset, (prosessi-) teollisuus, liikenne ja logistiikka sekä energiantuotanto. Energiapalveludirektiivin 2006/32/EY mukaan (EU, 2006):”Energiatehokkuus on suoritteen, palvelun, tavaran tai energian tuotoksen ja energiapanoksen välinen suhde”. Tämä suorite, palvelu, tavara tai energian tuotos on laaja joukko erilaisia asioita. Näin ollen myös energiatehokkuuslukuja on erilaisia. Energiankulutusta on usein tarkasteltava useammasta näkökulmasta kattavan kokonaiskäsityksen saamiseksi (esim. rakennussektorilla kWh/m3, kWh/m2, jne.). Energiankulutusluvun tukena on usein ilmaistava myös selittäviä tekijöitä, kuten teollisuudessa kapasiteetin käyttöaste. Laskelmia tehdessä on tehtävä rajauksia koskien kokonaisuuden laajuutta ja sitä miten huomioidaan elinkaarivaikutukset. Vain samalla tavalla rajattuja kohteita on mielekästä vertailla toisiinsa. Energiaa käytetään eri muodoissa: polttoaineina, sähkönä ja lämpönä. Erilaisia jakeita ei tulisi laskea yhteen ennen niiden muuttamista keskenään vertailukelpoiseen muotoon. Tähän käytetään ns. primäärienergiakertoimia. Kertoimien käytössä on vaihtelevia käytäntöjä eikä laskenta ole vakiintunut. Energiatehokkuutta kuten sen tehostamispotentiaalia tulee ensisijaisesti tarkastella energiayksiköiden avulla. Hiilidioksidi- tai kasvihuonekaasutehokkuutta voi käyttää tukevana ja täydentävänä arviointikriteerinä. Energiatehokkuuden parannuspotentiaali on ero energiankulutuksessa nykytilanteen ja vertailutilanteen välillä. Potentiaalin laskennan haaste kulminoituu tavoitetilan eli vertailutilanteen määrittämiseen. Vertailutilanteena voidaan käyttää parasta nykykäytäntöä (esim. BAT) tai ideaalitilannetta. Vertailutilan määrittämiseen tai laskemiseen ei millään tutkituista viidestä sektorista ole olemassa yleisesti hyväksyttyä, käytössä olevaa menettelytapaa ja siksi käytännöt vaihtelevat. Esimerkiksi yhdyskuntien ja logistiikan sektoreille käsite "ideaalitilanne" ei edes sovellu hyvin. Tutkimuksen aikana suoritettiin kokeilulaskenta yhdessä yhteisessä kohteessa, joka oli Helsingin Kalasatama. Case laskenta osoitti mm., että eri sektoreiden mittareita voidaan käyttää samanaikaisesti valitun kohteen energiatehokkuuden tarkastelussa. Mittareiden käyttö eri laskentatapausten vertailussa mahdollistaa energiatehokkuuden potentiaalin arvioimisen. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan sanoa, että menetelmät energiatehokkuuden mittaamiseksi ja potentiaalien laskemiseksi ovat vielä varsin kehittymättömiä siihen, että ne toimisivat käytännön työn ohjaajina. Aihealueella on edelleen perustutkimustarve. Käytännön työssä tulisi edistää sopimuksia liittyen laskennan pelisääntöihin

FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MOTIVASI KELUARGA DALAM MERAWAT PASIEN GANGGUANJIWA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TANJUNG GADANG KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG

PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN UNIVERSITAS KEPERAWATAN JANUARI 2019 Nama : Yosi Novita No BP : 1711316007 Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Motivasi Keluarga Dalam Merawat PasienGangguan Jiwa Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas TanjungGadang ABSTRAK Gangguan jiwa masih menjadi masalah serius pada kesehatan mental. Meningkatnya penderita gangguan jiwa di wilayah Tanjung Gadang perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih untuk mengurangi dampak dari masalah gangguan jiwa, terutama peran serta dari keluarga dalam merawat anggota keluarga yang mengalami gangguan jiwa. Rendahnya peran serta keluarga dalam merawat pasien yang mengalami gangguan jiwa dipicu oleh rendahnya motivasi. Motivasirendahmenyebabkan pemberian asuhan keperawatan pada keluarga tidak terlaksana dengan baik.Motivasi ini berhubungan dengan umur, pendidikan, pengalaman, spritual, dukungan keluarga dan sosial ekonomi. Tujuan penelitianuntuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan motivasi keluarga dalam merawat pasien gangguan jiwa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan desaincrosssectionalstudy, dilaksanakan dari Oktober sampai Januari 2019.Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 96 keluarga (caregiver) dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive samplingdengan analisa data menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara motivasi dengan pengalaman (p=0,025), spritual (p=0,000), dukungan keluarga (p=0,008), dan sosial ekonomi (p=0,012). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara motivasi dengan umur (p=0,197), dan tingkat pendidikan (p=0,911) dalam merawat pasien gangguan jiwa. Diharapkan kepada perawat komunitas untuklebih meningkatkan sarana informasi guna menambah wawasan keluarga perihal penanganan pasien gangguan jiwa yang dapat meningkatkan motivasikeluarga dalam merawat anggota keluarga yang mengalami gangguan jiwa. Kata Kunci : faktor motivasi, perawatan keluarga, gangguan jiwa Daftar Pustaka : 102 (2001-2018