Bootstrap pada analisis regresi =Bootstrap on Regression Analysis

ABSTRACT Considered a regression model Y(n) = X(n)I3 + s(n), where 13 is a pxl vektor of unknown parameterse(n) is an nxl unobservable vektor of random errors. The problem in regression analysis is how to estimate the parameter vektor 13 based on the observable data. For the regression model, let *(m) be the least squares estimate based on the resample: 13 *Om) = X(m)TXOn»-I MmirY*(m), The distribution of -1,1m (0 *0:0-13 (u)), which can be computed directly from the data consistent for the distribution of (n)-f3). For the correlation model, the least squares estimate is R *(m) = {X*(m)TX*(m)r A A X*(m)TY*(m) and the law of ( *(m)-13 (u)) close to the law of -4n (13 (n) - 13). It is shown that under mild conditions, the bootstrap approximation to the distribution of the least squares estimates is valid. The bootstrap give the same asymtotic result as normal approximation. Key Words: Regression, correlation, least squares estimation, bootstrap ,

ASSESSMENT OF LIFE QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH STAGE IIB-IIIB SQUAMOUS CELL CERVICAL CANCER RECEIVING PACLITAXEL CISPLATIN CHEMOTHERAPY REGIMEN BY EORTC QLQ-C30 QUESTIONNAIRE IN SANGLAH HOSPITAL DENPASAR

Objective: Cervical cancer was the prominent cause of women's death in developing states. Decrease in life quality was often encountered by patients with cervical cancer in advanced stages. One treatment method of cervical cancer at Sanglah Hospital was using paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy. Information on cervical cancer patient's life quality who received paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy was still limited, so research was required to observe cervical cancer patients' life quality before the first and after the sixth paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy regimen.Methods: Observational study with prospective case study design was undertaken at the Polyclinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sanglah Hospital from January to August 2016. Sampling was conducted before chemotherapy I and after chemotherapy VI using consecutive sampling method. The EORTC QLQ C30 questionnaires were completed by the patients before chemotherapy I and after chemotherapy VI. Patients' life quality who had received paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy were assessed with 15 domains in EORTC QLQ C30 questionnaire. The data obtained were processed with STATA® version 14 and analysed using paired t test and Wilcoxon test with a confidence level of 95%.Results: The number of samples used in this study was 7 patients who received paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in cervical cancer patients' life quality who had received paclitaxel cisplatin regimen chemotherapy before chemotherapy I and after chemotherapy VI with the result of p-value is 0.0005.Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in the value of cervical cancer patients' life quality who received paclitaxel cisplatin chemotherapy before chemotherapy I and after chemotherapy VI

Perbandingan Kelengkapan Resep Konvensional Dengan Resep Berbasis Online Di Apotek X Wilayah Denpasar Selatan

One of the pharmaceutical services is to serve the completeness of prescriptions served in health services such as pharmacies. The completeness of prescription services at online-based pharmacies is still carried out by pharmacists but is limited in nature. As a result of incomplete prescription writing, medication errors can occur which are detrimental to the patient (Isro et al., 2018). This study aims to determine the difference in the completeness of conventional recipes with online-based recipes. This study used an analytical observational design, with a cross-sectional study design, and the sampling method was carried out using purposive sampling technique, so that 50 conventional recipes and 50 online recipes were obtained. Based on the results of research conducted at the south Denpasar pharmacy. The results of the study in the form of administrative, pharmaceutical, clinical studies of conventional prescriptions and online prescriptions can be seen in terms of indicators of patient age, doctor's name, No. Doctor's SIP, doctor's initials, R/ sign, dosage form, dosage strength, drug dose, and drug allergy P Value 0.05. Then in terms of indicators of weight px, address px, date of prescription, and drug rules, the value of P Value is 0.05. So, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the completeness of conventional prescriptions and online prescriptions in terms of age px, doctor's name, SIP No. , doctor's initial, R/ sign, dosage form, dosage strength, drug dose, and allergy

The role of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways of apoptosis in the premature rupture of the membranes: A case-control study

Background: Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) remains a problem in obstetrics, the mechanisms of PROM have not been clearly defined. Apoptosis is thought to play a key role in the mechanism, via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Caspase-3, Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and anti-apoptosis B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) are hypothesized to be involved in PROM. Objective: To determine the role of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways in the mechanism of PROM. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study involving 42 pregnant women with gestational age between 20-42 wk. Participants were divided into the case group (with PROM) and control group (without PROM). Amniotic membranes were collected immediately after the delivery, and samples were taken from the site of membrane rupture. Immunohistochemical examination was done to determine the expression of Caspase-3, AIF, and Bcl-2. Results: The expressions of Caspase-3 (OR = 9.75; 95% CI = 2.16-43.95; p = 0.001) and AIF (OR = 6.60; 95% CI = 1.48-29.36; p = 0.009) were significantly increased, whereas, Bcl-2 expressions (OR = 8.00; 95% CI = 1.79-35.74; p = 0.004) were significantly decreased in the case group. Conclusion: High Caspase-3, AIF, and low Bcl-2 expression were the risk factors for PROM. Thus, it is evident that caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways are involved in the mechanism of PROM. Key words: Premature, Membrane, Apoptosis, Caspase, Pregnancy

Kewaspadaan Diri dan Kepatuhan Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas IV Denpasar Selatan

Tingginya kadar gula dalam darah adalah tanda penyakit metabolik yang disebut diabetes melitus (DM). Keberhasilan terapi DM bergantung pada kepatuhan pasien untuk mencapai kualitas hidup yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kewaspadaan diri terhadap kepatuhan penggunaan obat pada pasien DM tipe 2 (DM-2). Penelitian cross sectional dilakukan pada bulan Februari-April 2023. Sampel adalah pasien DM-2 di Puskesmas IV Denpasar Selatan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, direkrut secara purposive. Data dianalisis dengan Chi Square Test, dan disajikan secara deskriptif. Sejumlah 120 responden berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Mayoritas responden berada pada rentang usia 48-58 tahun (44.2%); perempuan (63.3%); berpendidikan menengah (44.2%); ibu rumah tangga (29.2%); berpendapatan ≤2,5 juta per bulan, dan terdiagnosa DM-2 ≤10 tahun (75.9%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebesar 35.0% memiliki kewaspadaan diri pada kategori baik, dan sejumlah 48.3% responden patuh pada pengobatan. Terdapat hubungan antara kewaspadaan diri terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan (P=0,002; α=0,05; coefficient kontigensi =0,350). Penelitian ini menunjukkan pasien DM-2 memiliki kewaspadaan diri yang kurang memadai dan kepatuhan yang rendah.  Oleh karena itu, program edukasi pasien harus ditingkatkan, terutama untuk pasien diabetes yang rentan dan anggota keluarganya. Apoteker diharapkan berperan aktif dalam memberikan edukasi kepada keluarga dan pasien terkait penyakit DM dan kompikasinya

THE EFFICACY OF COVID-19 VACCINE AND THE CHALLENGE IN IMPLEMENTING MASS VACCINATION IN INDONESIA

Novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 2,38 million deaths and more than 108 million cases confirmed in one year of the pandemic are massive upheavals in social life and economy in the international world. An effective vaccine is needed to prevent further morbidity and mortality. This research aims to identify the challenge in implementing mass vaccination in Indonesia which is related to the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine. We retrieve sources from relevant and published articles in Google Scholar, Pubmed, DOAJ and Science Direct of articles up to January 2021. The keywords used for gathering information were listed below. Vaccine efficacy is defined as the proportional reduction of a disease case in a group of vaccinated participants compared with unvaccinated participants. The study of vaccine efficacy is a cohort study that is an important vaccine trial method in the field. It is conducted randomly on a large scale by using a control-placebo. During the trials, the country which used the vaccine needs to maintain and observe the vaccine epidemiology. A trial roadmap is expected to identify the condition of the area epidemiologically. Vaccine efficacy is essential to be observed before implementing the vaccine in society. However, intensive socialization about the advantage of vaccines is mainly needed to prevent irrelevant information in social media about mass vaccination

Protein 53 (P53) Expressions and Apoptotic Index of Amniotic Membrane Cells in the Premature Rupture of Membranes

BACKGROUND: The premature rupture of membranes (PROM) represents an obstetric issue causing significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although protein 53 (p53), one of the proapoptotic proteins suspected of causing PROM at the molecular level is closely correlated with the occurrence of PROM, the exact mechanism remains still unclear. AIM: This study aims to investigate the hypothesis that p53 expression and the apoptotic index play a role in the PROM mechanism. METHODS: Placentas from 20 pregnancies (37–42 weeks gestation) and 20 pregnancies complicated by PROM were collected at delivery. The independent variable is represented by pregnant mothers with a single live fetus experiencing PROM (followed by labour and birth) while without PROM mothers represent the control. The research material was taken from the amnion tissue in the placenta. Also, p53 and apoptotic index (TUNEL) immunohistochemical examination were conducted at the Integrated Biomedical Laboratory, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Bali. The correlation between the apoptotic index and p53 expression of the PROM group was tested using a McNemar Test. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in p53 expression in PROM cases compared to those without PROM (11.15 + 5.59% vs. 0.95 + 2.52%) with c2 = 19.538 and p = 0.001. The apoptotic index in PROM cases was higher than in those without PROM (19.10 + 5.63% vs. 1.15 + 2.46%) with c 2 = 32.40 and p = 0.001. There was a strong correlation between p53 expression and PROM with PR = 3.449 (95% CI = 1.801-6.605; p = 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the apoptotic index and PROM with PR = 19 (95% CI = 2.81-128.69; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: p53 expression and the apoptotic index of amniotic membrane cells in cases of PROM was higher than in those without PROM, there was a strong correlation between p53 expression and apoptotic index with the occurrence of PROM

The relationship between bacterial types and antibiotic resistance with the clinical outcomes of sepsis patients in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia

Background: Sepsis in children could significantly increase the morbidity and mortality rates particularly in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Moreover, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is continuously increasing around the world mainly caused by uncontrolled used of antibiotic. Henceforth, this study aimed to determine the relationship between bacterial type and the resistance with clinical outcome of sepsis patients in PICU.Methods: An observational analytic retrospective cohort study using medical record data from January 2015-April 2017 was conducted. All subjects were sepsis patients with positive blood cultures treated at PICU Sanglah Hospital. Factors related to mortality and relative risk (RR) were analyzed using Chi-Square Test with a significance value of p &lt;0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: 75 subjects met the inclusion criteria, but only 63 subjects with complete data were enrolled. The gram-negative and MDR bacteria types were detected in 31 (49%) subjects and 33 (52.4%) subjects respectively. The number of deaths was 29 (46%). The most common types of gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%) followed by gram-positive Staphylococcus hominis (25%). The most common multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria were Staphylococcus hominis. The presence of MDR bacteria significantly increase the mortality (p = 0.015, RR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.096-3.725), whereas gram-negative had no significant mortality impact (p = 0.891: RR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.564- 1.645). Compared to non-MDR bacteria, most MDR related mortality occurred during the first 10 days.Conclusion: MDR bacteria significantly increased the mortality rates in pediatric patient treated in PICU compared to non-MDR ones. </p

Intervention in Preventing and Managing Metabolic Syndrome in Community-Based Adults: A Systematic Review

Background: Various efforts have been made in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome, one of which is lifestyle behaviors changing. Lifestyle intervention models, such as regulating nutrition and diet, increasing physical activity, education in the health sector have been widely developed in preventing metabolic syndrome by decreasing its components such as obesity, dyslipidemia, blood sugar and hypertension. Objective: to assess intervention model in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome in community-based adults. Method: three data bases have been selected in this study as sources of review such as Pubmed, Proquest and CINAHL (Ebscho), which have been published between 2006 and 2015 for data related to interventions in preventing metabolic syndrome in community-based adults. Results: ten articles related to interventions in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome in adults were reviewed based on eligibility criteria which consists of 3 randomization controlled trials, 6 non-randomization controlled trials (included in this study are pre-test post-test controlled designs), and 1 time series article with an intervention only in one sample group. Most articles (8 articles) indicate to lifestyle interventions that include increased physical activity, diet and nutrition, with the main objective is to prevent an increase in metabolic syndrome status