Lateral approach to the ankle and distal leg

Fractures of the distal tibia are usually high-energy injuries and are well known for their soft tissue complications after surgery. Various factors have been studied regarding the possibility of them reducing the incidence of such damage, including timing of surgery, staged surgery, fixation method, and surgical approach. Less invasive surgical techniques with vascularity preserving approaches were proposed as reasonable solutions to this problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of minor vascular structures, which can be preserved during anterolateral approach, possibly contributing to the success of the approach. Lateral approach for the distal tibia was performed in 22 cadaver feet. The mean distance between the lateral malleolus and the superficial peroneal nerve was 12.2 cm. Two different vascular pedicles, from peroneal vessels to muscles of the anterior compartment, were 4.3 and 8.2 cm away from the lateral malleolus, respectively. We conclude that preserving greater vascularity was possible in the lateral approach for the distal tibia, placing the plate in a completely submuscular plane. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 2: 91–94

Neurovascular relationship between abducens nerve and anterior inferior cerebellar artery

We aimed to study the neurovascular relationships between the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and the abducens nerve to help determine the pathogenesis of abducens nerve palsy which can be caused by arterial compression. Twenty-two cadaveric brains (44 hemispheres) were investigated after injected of coloured latex in to the arterial system. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery originated as a single branch in 75%, duplicate in 22.7%, and triplicate in 2.3% of the hemispheres. Abducens nerves were located between the AICAs in all hemispheres when the AICA duplicated or triplicated. Additionally, we noted that the AICA or its main branches pierced the abducens nerve in five hemispheres (11.4%). The anatomy of the AICA and its relationship with the abducens nerve is very important for diagnosis and treatment. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 201-203

The Potential of Microalgal Biodiesel in Turkey

Turkey has limited petroleum reserves which causes the country to become a foreign dependent in respect to energy. As a result, the dependency level of Turkey on foreign fossil fuel suppliers reaches around 70%. Biodiesel, which has a more favorable combustion emission profile, relatively high flash point, and good lubrication properties, can be an effective alternative energy source. However, to provide the necessary amount of oil from agricultural products may affect food production and require a high amount of water and fertilizer. With their high oil content and high productivity rates, microalgae seems to be the best source of fuel which can replace petroleum products totally. This article introduces methods of microalgae production and discusses the potential of Turkey to pass microalgal biodiesel technology. Copyright © Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

The Significance Of The Neurovascular Structures Passing Through The Spinoglenoid Notch

Objective: To define the detailed anatomy of the neurovascular bundle at the spinoglenoid notch and to report the dimensions of these structures in cadavers. Methods: In the present study, the external diameters of suprascapular artery, vein and nerve were measured at the spinoglenoid notch region in 18 formalin fixed cadavers (36 shoulders) by using a caliper. The study was carried out in the dissection laboratory of Anatomy Departments of Hacettepe University, Ankara University, Ankara and Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey, between 2002 and 2003. Results: The average external diameter for the suprascapular vein was 2.6 mm, artery was 2.2 nun and nerve was 2.2 mm. The spinoglenoid notch was roofed by the spinoglenoid ligament and appeared as a fibroosseous foramen in all cadavers. We found that the vascular structures (suprascapular artery and vein) occupied 68.5% and the suprascapular nerve occupied 31.5% of this foramen. Conclusion: Although the diameters of the vascular structures at the spinoglenoid notch measured by magnetic resonance imaging have been reported, to our knowledge, external diameters of these structures at the spinoglenoid notch have not been described in cadavers. We believe that detailed anatomy of suprascapular neurovascular bundle at the spinoglenoid notch should be appreciated for better understanding of risk factors possibly causing the suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome, specially for those who are involved in violent overhead sports activities such as volleyball and baseball.Wo

Investigation of effects ofinlet boundary conditions on the flow behaviour in a diesel injector

Orleans University, France;Samara State Aerospace University, Russia5th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ICMAE 2014 --18 July 2014 through 19 July 2014 -- Madrid --Diesel engines become popular from this point of view because of their high thermal efficiency. However, new and developing technologies are expected to lower their emission levels. Atomization of the fuel has a vital importance in order to control heat release rate and exhaust emission during combustion. With the known injection devices, atomization of the fuel is realized with high pressure systems such as common rail direct injectors (CRD) which operate at pressures exceeding 1300 bar. However, atomization of the fuel by simply increasing injection pressure can create cavitation erosion which may lead to mechanical failure of the nozzle. Utilization of air in diesel engine injectors will increase fuel atomization, provides more complete combustion of any diesel fuel consumed, enhance fuel economy and results in lower engine emissions. Therefore the aim of this study is to design a special injection device for use in a diesel engine which improves combustion by mixing air and fuel inside itself at optimum ratio. Proper air inlet pressure was determined for favorable diesel air mixing by investigation of the flow behavior in a newly designed injection device with the help of computational fluid dynamics based software. Three different air inlet pressures (20, 30 and 40 bar) are simulated and the contours of turbulence intensity, velocity and volume fraction of diesel fuel are discussed, and compared with each other. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Temporoparietal fascia: An anatomic and histologic reinvestigation with new potential clinical applications

Erdemli, Esra/0000-0002-9737-269X; Tuccar, Eray/0000-0002-1137-1961WOS: 000084513700007PubMed: 10626968Temporoparietal fascia constitutes a very important structural unit from both an aesthetic and a reconstructive surgical point of view. A histologically supported anatomic study was conducted for the reappraisal of the anatomic relationships and clinical application potentials of the data obtained. Anatomy of the temporoparietal fascia was investigated on 20 sides from 10 cadavers. After dissections, necropsies were obtained to demonstrate histologic features of the temporoparietal fascia. The outer part of the temporoparietal fascia is continuous with the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the inferior border and with orbicularis oculi and frontalis muscles in the anterior border. Therefore, plication of the temporoparietal fascia call increase tightness of the SMAS, orbicularis oculi, and frontalis muscle in rhytidectomy. The frontal branches of facial nerve were noted to course parallel to the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery, lying deeper to the temporoparietal fascia within the innominate fascia. In the view of these findings, conventional subfascial dissection, which is performed to protect frontal branches of the facial nerve, is not reasonable during the temporal part of rhytidectomy. Careful subcutaneous dissection just under the hair follicles is more appropriate to avoid nerve injury and also provides excellent exposure of the temporoparietal fascia for plication in rhytidectomy with protection of the auriculotemporal nerve and the superficial temporal vessels. Furthermore, two layered structures of the temporoparietal fascia ar-e very suitable to insert a framework into the temporoparietal fascia for ear reconstruction to eliminate some of the shortcomings of Brent's technique. A thin muscle layer was also noted within the outer part of the temporoparietal fascia below the temporal line; the term "temporoparietal myofascial flap" would, therefore, be more accurate than "temporoparietal fascial flap." Finally, the innominate fascia and the deep temporal fascia call be elevated with the two layers of the temporoparietal myofascial flap to obtain a well-vascularized, four-layered myofascial flap based on die superficial temporal vessels. This multilayered flap can be used to reconstruct all defects when fine, pliable, thin, multilayered flaps are required

Investigation of engine performance and emission characteristics of SI engine fuelled with ethanol blends by numerical simulation

Orleans University, France;Samara State Aerospace University, Russia5th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ICMAE 2014 --18 July 2014 through 19 July 2014 -- Madrid --In this study the influences of ethanol addition to gasoline on an spark ignition engine performance and emissions were explored. AVL BOOST software was used to simulate the performance and emission characteristics of different ethanol-gasoline blends. The blended fuels contain 5%, 10% and 15% of ethanol by volume, and indicated as B95E5, B90E10, and B85E15, respectively. The results showed that ethanol addition to gasoline fuel improve combustion process, decrease CO emissions and reduce BSFC of the SI engine. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Numerical studies of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen blends

Orleans University, France;Samara State Aerospace University, Russia5th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ICMAE 2014 --18 July 2014 through 19 July 2014 -- Madrid --In this study the performance, exhaust emission characteristics and combustion process of the engine fueled with hydrogen-diesel blends were compared to diesel fuel. Hydrogen was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10% and 20%. AVL BOOST software was dedicated to simulate the performance and emission values for various blends of hydrogen with diesel fuel. The simulation results showed that hydrogen addition to diesel fuel improve both engine performance and exhaust emmisions. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Drainage Patterns of Middle Lobe Vein of Right Lung: An Anatomical Study

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