Direct Insertion of the Papillary Muscle into the Anterior Mitral Leaflet: Cadaveric Findings.

Direct insertion of the anterior papillary muscle (DPM) into the mitral valve is uncommon. During the routine dissection of an adult female, a DPM into the mitral valve with abnormal chordae tendinae was observed. This abnormal papillary muscle was measured as 28.0 mm in length from myocardial to insertion, 14.8 mm in width, and 7.0 mm in depth. The embryology, symptoms, associated cardiac diseases, and surgical precautions of this congenital malformation in the heart are reviewed

SYNTHESIS OF NIGRICANIN VIA INTRAMOLECULAR BIARYL COUPLING REACTION OF FUNCTIONALIZED PHENYL BENZOATE

A tetracyclic natural product, nigricanin (1), was synthesized through an intramolecular biaryl coupling reaction of the phenyl benzoate derivative which was derived from the corresponding phenol and benzoic acid

Undetected Small Accessory Mental Foramina Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: The accessory foramina could not be identified on some imaging modalities such as surface-rendered images. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of surface-rendered images in detecting these foramina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 20 accessory mental foramina (AMF) in nine mandibles removed from cadavers with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and assessed in surface-rendered images. All AMF were divided into three groups depending on their visibility. RESULTS: Group 1 included AMF that were clearly visible as foramina, Group 2 were not clearly visible but could be recognized with concave parts, and Group 3 were not visible and the smooth surface of the bone was observed. Group 1 ranged from 1.3 to 5.1 mm CONCLUSIONS: The clinician should be aware that smaller foramina might not be detected on these images

A case of double inferior vena cava with a literature review and proposal for new classification

Summary We encountered a case of double inferior vena cava (DIVC) in a 76 year old male cadaver during anatomy practice at Matsumoto Dental University in 2015. The left and right internal iliac veins drained into the interiliac vein ran horizontal in front of the cape angle and joined the left and right external iliac veins. Then the inferior vena cava on each side originated.The width of the origin of the inferior vena cava were 13.7 mm and 11.6 mm on the right and left side, respectively. Based on the previous DIVCʼs classifications, we attempted to classify the DIVC and iliac venous system by combining the direction of the internal iliac veins (lateral (l), vertical (s), and medial (m)), the inclination of the interiliac veins (lower left to upper right (L to R), horizontal (H), and lower right to upper left (R to L)),and the width of the right and left IVC (RIVC>LIVC, RIVC=LIVC, and RIVCLIVC, H, l-l. In this case, hemi-azygos vein was not found, and the height of the left kidney was lower than the right one. We therefore investigated the co-existence of the venous system and the height of the kidney to the 53 cases and referred to the embryological relationship between them. The present classification provides basic knowledge for the clinical anatomy and surgery of the pelvic region

Tortuous Common Carotid Artery: A Report of Four Cases Observed in Cadaveric Dissections

A tortuous common carotid artery poses a high risk of injury during tracheotomy. Preoperative diagnosis is therefore important to avoid serious complications. We found four cases of tortuous common carotid artery during an anatomical dissection course for students. The first case was a 91-year-old woman who had bilateral tortuous common carotid arteries without arteriosclerosis. Case 2 was a 78-year-old woman who had bilateral tortuous common carotid arteries without arteriosclerosis. Case 3 was an 86-year-old woman who died from bladder cancer and who also had a right tortuous common carotid artery without arteriosclerosis. Case 4 was an 89-year-old woman who had bilateral tortuous common carotid arteries and a tortuous brachiocephalic artery with severe arteriosclerosis. Case 4 was also examined using computed tomography to evaluate the arteriosclerosis. Computed tomography revealed severe calcification of the vascular wall, which was confirmed in the aortic arch and origins of its branches. In all four cases, the tortuosity was located below the level of the thyroid gland. Based on prior study results indicating that fusion between the carotid sheath and visceral fascia was often evident at the level of the thyroid gland, we speculated that the major region in which tortuosity occurs is at the same level or inferior to the level of the thyroid gland

A Rare Case of an Artery Passing through the Median Perforating Canal of the Mandible

Along with the popularization of dental implant surgery, there has been considerable research on the lingual foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Anatomical research has also revealed that the arteries entering the lingual foramina are branches of the submental and sublingual arteries. There have been no reports, however, of the submental or sublingual artery entering the mandible from the lingual foramen, perforating it, and then distributing to the inferior labial region. A 69-year-old man who donated his body to our department in 2015 was dissected. The mandible with overlying soft tissue of the mental region was resected and examined with microcomputed tomography, which showed that the canal perforated from the lingual foramen to the midline of the labial cortical plate. The canal was thus named the median perforating canal. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no other reports of a perforating artery of the mandible, so this case is thought to be rare. Hence, the existence of perforating arteries, such as in the present case, should be taken into consideration in preoperative diagnoses such as for dental implant surgery. Thus, the fusion of anatomical and radiological study is useful and necessary to understand surgical anatomy

Factors related to positive PET findings in patients with high CEA levels.

Objectives: Rising carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the popular tumor markers, is a common situation for requesting FDG-PET. However, details remain unknown about the correlation of the FDG-PET findings and the patients status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to positive PET results in patients with high serum CEA levels.Methods: From January 2005 to December 2005, a total of 282 patients with high serum CEA levels (>5.0 ng/ml) underwent an FDG-PET scan in our institute. Of these 282 patients, 19 patients had repeated PET scans, After excluding repeated 22 scans in those patients, 260 scans were analyzed in this study. The PET findings were correlated with clinical information, including the presence or absence of a previous history of malignancy, an increase or decrease in CEA level before PET, and the absolute value of the serum CEA level.Results: Overall, abnormal foci were detected in 167 of 260 patients (64%) by FDG-PET in this study. Among the 260 patients, 208 patients had a history of previous malignancy. The PET findings were positive in 136 of these 208 patients (65%), while they were positive in 31 of 52 patients (60%) without a history of malignancy. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.54). For 154 patients who had serial CEA tests before a PET scan, positive results were obtained in 60 of 107 patients (62%) who showed an increasing pattern of CEA level, and in 16 of 47 patients (34%) with a decreasing pattern, which was statistically significant (p50 # of total cases: 138, 62, 23, 37 # of positive cases: 73(53%), 43(69%), 19(83%), 32(86%)Society of nuclear medicine 54rd Annual Meetn