Gastric Mucosal Changes Caused by Lugol's Iodine Solution Spray: Endoscopic Features of 64 Cases on Screening Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Aim. To clarify the endoscopic mucosal change of the stomach caused by Lugol's iodine solution spray on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Methods. Sixty-four consecutive patients who underwent EGD for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma screening were included in this study. The records for these patients included gastric mucosa findings before and after Lugol's iodine solution was sprayed. The endoscopic findings of the greater curvature of the gastric body were retrospectively analyzed based on the following findings: fold thickening, exudates, ulcers, and hemorrhage. Results. Mucosal changes occurred after Lugol's solution spray totally in 51 patients (80%). Fold thickening was observed in all 51 patients (80%), and a reticular pattern of white lines was found on the surface of the thickened gastric folds found in 28 of the patients (44%). Exudates were observed in 6 patients (9%). Conclusion. The gastric mucosa could be affected by Lugol's iodine; the most frequent endoscopic finding of this effect is gastric fold thickening, which should not be misdiagnosed as a severe gastric disease

The unreasonable effectiveness of AI CADe polyp detectors to generalize to new countries

$\textbf{Background and aims}$: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Computer-Aided Detection (CADe) is commonly used for polyp detection, but data seen in clinical settings can differ from model training. Few studies evaluate how well CADe detectors perform on colonoscopies from countries not seen during training, and none are able to evaluate performance without collecting expensive and time-intensive labels. $\textbf{Methods}$: We trained a CADe polyp detector on Israeli colonoscopy videos (5004 videos, 1106 hours) and evaluated on Japanese videos (354 videos, 128 hours) by measuring the True Positive Rate (TPR) versus false alarms per minute (FAPM). We introduce a colonoscopy dissimilarity measure called "MAsked mediCal Embedding Distance" (MACE) to quantify differences between colonoscopies, without labels. We evaluated CADe on all Japan videos and on those with the highest MACE. $\textbf{Results}$: MACE correctly quantifies that narrow-band imaging (NBI) and chromoendoscopy (CE) frames are less similar to Israel data than Japan whitelight (bootstrapped z-test, |z| > 690, p < $10^{-8}$ for both). Despite differences in the data, CADe performance on Japan colonoscopies was non-inferior to Israel ones without additional training (TPR at 0.5 FAPM: 0.957 and 0.972 for Israel and Japan; TPR at 1.0 FAPM: 0.972 and 0.989 for Israel and Japan; superiority test t > 45.2, p < $10^{-8}$). Despite not being trained on NBI or CE, TPR on those subsets were non-inferior to Japan overall (non-inferiority test t > 47.3, p < $10^{-8}$, $\delta$ = 1.5% for both). $\textbf{Conclusion}$: Differences that prevent CADe detectors from performing well in non-medical settings do not degrade the performance of our AI CADe polyp detector when applied to data from a new country. MACE can help medical AI models internationalize by identifying the most "dissimilar" data on which to evaluate models

Data Descriptor : Collocated observations of cloud condensation nuclei, particle size distributions, and chemical composition

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations alongside with submicrometer particle number size distributions and particle chemical composition have been measured at atmospheric observatories of the Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure (ACTRIS) as well as other international sites over multiple years. Here, harmonized data records from 11 observatories are summarized, spanning 98,677 instrument hours for CCN data, 157,880 for particle number size distributions, and 70,817 for chemical composition data. The observatories represent nine different environments, e.g., Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean maritime, boreal forest, or high alpine atmospheric conditions. This is a unique collection of aerosol particle properties most relevant for studying aerosol-cloud interactions which constitute the largest uncertainty in anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate. The dataset is appropriate for comprehensive aerosol characterization (e.g., closure studies of CCN), model-measurement intercomparison and satellite retrieval method evaluation, among others. Data have been acquired and processed following international recommendations for quality assurance and have undergone multiple stages of quality assessment.Peer reviewe

HOx (OH, HO{2}) ラジカル生成速度の新規測定法による、実大気が持つ酸化能の包括的な評価

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(地球環境学)甲第18704号地環博第127号新制||地環||26(附属図書館)31637京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻(主査)教授 梶井 克純, 教授 杉山 雅人, 准教授 清中 茂樹学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Global Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityDFA

Expression, Folding, and Activation of Halophilic Alkaline Phosphatase in Non-Halophilic Brevibacillus choshinensis

Halophilic enzymes contain a large number of acidic amino acids and marginal large hydrophobic amino acids, which make them highly soluble even under strongly hydrophobic conditions. This characteristic of halophilic enzymes provides potential for their industrial application. However, halophilic enzymes easily degrade when used for industrial applications compared with enzymes from other extremophiles because of their instability in low-salt environments. We aimed to clarify the stabilization mechanism of halophilic enzymes. We previously attempted to express halophilic alkaline phosphatase from Halomonas (HaALP) in non-halophilic E. coli. However, the expressed HaALP showed little activity. Therefore, we overexpressed HaALP in Gram-positive non-halophilic Brevibacillus choshinensis in this study, which was successfully expressed and purified in its active form. HaALP was denatured in 6 M urea, refolded using various salts and the non-ionic osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and assessed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HaALP refolded in 3M NaCl or 3 M TMAO containing Na+ ions. Hydrophobic interactions due to a high salt concentration or TMAO enhanced the formation of the folding intermediate (the monomer precursor), and only Na+ ions activated the dimer form. This insight into the stabilization mechanism of HaALP may lead to the development of industrial applications of halophilic enzymes under low-salt conditions

Abstract 5457: High levels of fatty acid synthase expression in esophageal cancers represent a potential target for therapy

Abstract Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is overexpressed in many human cancers and is considered to be a promising target for therapy. To investigate the expression of this candidate target in esophageal cancer, we evaluated expression of FAS protein in - cases of esophageal squamous cancer, - cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma, and - cases of Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia - a lesion thought to represent a pre-invasive precursor to esophageal cancer. Using immunohistochemistry, we found significantly higher levels of FAS expression in -% of the squamous cancers and -% of the adenocarcinomas compared to normal esophageal epithelium. To evaluate the potential for inhibiting this enzyme as a treatment of esophageal cancer, we treated mice bearing xenografts of the Colo680N (squamous carcinoma) and Bic1 (adenocarcinoma) cell lines using C93, a rationally designed molecule that inhibits FAS activity. In these experiments, C93 significantly inhibited the growth of orthotopic xenograft tumors from without causing anorexia and weight loss in the treated animals. We conclude that, similar to several other common types of human cancer, FAS is expressed at very high levels in esophageal cancer, and growth of these cancers can be inhibited by pharmacological agents that target this enzyme. Moreover, this high expression of FAS is also seen in pre-invasive lesions of the esophagus, leading us to propose considering of FAS-inhibitors for purposes of esophageal cancer chemoprevention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5457