Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington's disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates

Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting alterations in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. To identify disease modifier genes that may explain the neuroprotective effects of XBP1 deficiency, we performed gene expression profiling of brain cortex and striatum of these animals and uncovered insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) as the major upregulated gene. Here, we studied the impact of IGF2 signaling on protein aggregation in models of Huntington's disease (HD) as proof of concept. Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. These results were validated using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons from HD patients and spinocerebellar ataxia cases. The reduction in the levels of mutant huntingtin was associated with a decrease in the half-life of the intracellular protein. The decrease in the levels of abnormal protein aggregation triggered by IGF2 was independent of the activity of autophagy and the proteasome pathways, the two main routes for mutant huntingtin clearance. Conversely, IGF2 signaling enhanced the secretion of soluble mutant huntingtin species through exosomes and microvesicles involving changes in actin dynamics. Administration of IGF2 into the brain of HD mice using gene therapy led to a significant decrease in the levels of mutant huntingtin in three different animal models. Moreover, analysis of human postmortem brain tissue and blood samples from HD patients showed a reduction in IGF2 level. This study identifies IGF2 as a relevant factor deregulated in HD, operating as a disease modifier that buffers the accumulation of abnormal protein species

Optimization of gene transfer in retinal ganglion cells of dogs and non-human primates with AAV2 vector : implications for the treatment by an optogenetic approach of Briard RPE65

Les dystrophies rétiniennes héréditaires (DRH) sont un ensemble de pathologies rétiniennes incurable provoquant la cécité. Les DRH sont caractérisées par le dysfonctionnement/dégénérescence des photorécepteurs et le remodelage de la structure de la rétine. Une des approches thérapeutiques envisagées pour traiter les DRH est la thérapie génique spécifique, c’est à dire le remplacement du gène défectueux par un gène sain. Cependant, bien qu’efficace, la thérapie génique spécifique n’est pas toujours applicable, en particulier quand la dégénérescence est trop avancée ou quand le gène muté n’est pas connu. Afin de traiter tous les cas de DRH quelle que soit leur origine génétique et leur stade de progression, une approche de thérapie génique d’addition est envisagée : Le transfert d’optogène. Cela consiste à convertir les cellules encore présentes dans la rétine malgré la dégénérescence, en cellule photosensible suite à l’expression d’un optogène (protéine photosensible). Mon projet de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à évaluer le transfert de gène avec un vecteur AAV2/2 dans les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes de chien et de primate non-humain. Cette première partie a permis d’initier un second projet qui a eu pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité du transfert d’optogène (Channelrhodopsin-2) pour la restauration de la fonction visuelle dans un modèle canin de dystrophie rétinienne (le chien Rpe65- /-).Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD), a group of incurable retinal pathologies, are associated with visual impairments due to a malfunction and/or degeneration of photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Significant progress in the field of gene therapy has allowed the development and the characterization of an innovative tool to treat IRD patients: recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) that carry and deliver therapeutic nucleic acids. However, due to the heterogenic nature of IRD, gene supplementation will not allow to treat all forms of IRD because: (i) the numbers of mutated genes are unknown according to the state of art; (ii) the dominant forms of IRD in which mutations lead to negative effects are not eligible; (iii) the limit of AAV packaging excludes large-sized mutated genes and (iv) this approach is only applicable when photoreceptors are still alive. To treat all IRD patients, a novel therapeutic approach, independently of the mutated gene and the disease kinetic is suitable: the optogene transfer (light-sensitive protein) to restore photosensitivity in neurodegenerative retina by converting surviving retinal cells into photosensors. The primary goal of my research was to promote and characterize adeno-associated virus type 2-(AAV2) transduction in retinal ganglion cells of dog and non-human primate. A second aim was to investigate the feasibility of AAV2-mediated optogenes transfer in retinal ganglion cells as a therapeutic approach to restore visual function in RPE65 deficient dog, a canine model of IRDs

PNA Microprobe for Label-Free Detection of Nucleic Acid Repeat Mutations

We present a PNA-based microprobe sensing platform to detect nucleic acid repeat mutations by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The microprobe platform discriminated Huntington’s disease-associated CAG repeats in cell-derived total RNA. This sensitive, label-free, and PCR-free detection strategy has the potential to detect a plethora of length mutation disorders

AAV-mediated Gene Therapy Halts Retinal Degeneration in PDE6β-deficient Dogs

International audienceWe previously reported that subretinal injection of AAV2/5 RK.cpde6β allowed long-term preservation of photoreceptor function and vision in the rod-cone dysplasia type 1 (rcd1) dog, a large animal model of naturally occurring PDE6β deficiency. The present study builds on these earlier findings to provide a detailed assessment of the long-term effects of gene therapy on the spatiotemporal pattern of retinal degeneration in rcd1 dogs treated at 20 days of age. We analyzed the density distribution of the retinal layers and of particular photoreceptor cells in 3.5-year-old treated and untreated rcd1 dogs. Whereas no rods were observed outside the bleb or in untreated eyes, gene transfer halted rod degeneration in all vector-exposed regions. Moreover, while gene therapy resulted in the preservation of cones, glial cells and both the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, no cells remained in vector-unexposed retinas, except in the visual streak. Finally, the retinal structure of treated 3.5-year-old rcd1 dogs was identical to that of unaffected 4-month-old rcd1 dogs, indicating near complete preservation. Our findings indicate that gene therapy arrests the degenerative process even if intervention is initiated after the onset of photoreceptor degeneration, and point to significant potential of this therapeutic approach in future clinical trials

Vitrectomy Before Intravitreal Injection of AAV2/2 Vector Promotes Efficient Transduction of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Dogs and Nonhuman Primates

International audienceRecombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a promising vector for retinal gene delivery to restore visual function in certain forms of inherited retinal dystrophies. Several studies in rodent models have shown that intravitreal injection of the AAV2/2 vector is the optimal route for efficient retinal ganglion cell (RGC) transduction. However, translation of these findings to larger species, including humans, is complicated by anatomical differences in the eye, a key difference being the comparatively smaller volume of the vitreous chamber in rodents. Here, we address the role of the vitreous body as a potential barrier to AAV2/2 diffusion and transduction in the RGCs of dogs and macaques, two of the most relevant preclinical models. We intravitreally administered the AAV2/2 vector carrying the CMV-eGFP reporter cassette in dog and macaque eyes, either directly into the vitreous chamber or after complete vitrectomy, a surgical procedure that removes the vitreous body. Our findings suggest that the vitreous body appears to trap the injected vector, thus impairing the diffusion and transduction of AAV2/2 to inner retinal neurons. We show that vitrectomy before intravitreal vector injection is an effective means of overcoming this physical barrier, improving the transduction of RGCs in dog and macaque retinas. These findings support the use of vitrectomy in clinical trials of intravitreal gene transfer techniques targeting inner retinal neurons

FOXO3 targets are reprogrammed as Huntington's disease neural cells and striatal neurons face senescence with p16INK4a increase.

Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) have been linked to the critical process in aging-cellular senescence. However, the temporal dynamics of cellular senescence in ND conditions is unresolved. Here, we show senescence features develop in human Huntington's disease (HD) neural stem cells (NSCs) and medium spiny neurons (MSNs), including the increase of p16INK4a , a key inducer of cellular senescence. We found that HD NSCs reprogram the transcriptional targets of FOXO3, a major cell survival factor able to repress cell senescence, antagonizing p16INK4a expression via the FOXO3 repression of the transcriptional modulator ETS2. Additionally, p16INK4a promotes cellular senescence features in human HD NSCs and MSNs. These findings suggest that cellular senescence may develop during neuronal differentiation in HD and that the FOXO3-ETS2-p16INK4a axis may be part of molecular responses aimed at mitigating this phenomenon. Our studies identify neuronal differentiation with accelerated aging of neural progenitors and neurons as an alteration that could be linked to NDs

FOXO3 targets are reprogrammed as Huntington's disease neural cells and striatal neurons face senescence with p16 INK4a increase

International audienceNeurodegenerative diseases (ND) have been linked to the critical process in aging-cellular senescence. However, the temporal dynamics of cellular senescence in ND conditions is unresolved. Here, we show senescence features develop in human Huntington's disease (HD) neural stem cells (NSCs) and medium spiny neurons (MSNs), including the increase of p16INK4a , a key inducer of cellular senescence. We found that HD NSCs reprogram the transcriptional targets of FOXO3, a major cell survival factor able to repress cell senescence, antagonizing p16INK4a expression via the FOXO3 repression of the transcriptional modulator ETS2. Additionally, p16INK4a promotes cellular senescence features in human HD NSCs and MSNs. These findings suggest that cellular senescence may develop during neuronal differentiation in HD and that the FOXO3-ETS2-p16INK4a axis may be part of molecular responses aimed at mitigating this phenomenon. Our studies identify neuronal differentiation with accelerated aging of neural progenitors and neurons as an alteration that could be linked to NDs