Effects of active or passive error correction procedures on the learning, generalization and maintenance of math facts by students with multiple handicaps

This study examined the effects of active or passive error correction procedures on the learning, generalization and maintenance of math facts by students with multiple handicaps. The hypothesis stated that students actively involved will exhibit greater success in learning their facts. Using an alternative treatment design, six students from Midway School, Lumberton, New Jersey, were introduced, taught and tested on ten flashcards each week for four weeks. Students received the correct answer from an instructor when an error was made. They in turn, either repeated the problem and answer or listened attentively to the instructor\u27s corrected answer. Active Student Responses (ASR) was compared to No Response (NR) Error Correction by looking at each instructional period, Same-Day Test, Next-Day Test, Generalization Test and Maintenance Test for the six students. Results showed that students performed very closely between ASR and NR responses on a short-term basis but the results of learning and retaining facts over time show ASR responses to be stronger. It was also noted that individual differences in ability level and motivation among students may have also played a role in assessing the student\u27s ability to learn the math facts. Future research should look closer at individual ability levels as well as a longer range of time to exhibit the retention of math facts

25 lat doświadczeń w leczeniu oszczędzającym u kobiet chorych na raka piersi we wczesnych stopniach zaawansowania

Aim of the study. Evaluation of long term results, the identification of the causes of the treatment failure and prog­nostic factors in women with early invasive breast cancer after breast conserving treatment. Material and methods. 1425 women with an early invasive breast cancer after breast conserving treatment under­went postoperative radiotherapy in the Department of Radiotherapy of The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center in Warsaw. Duration of the symptoms before diagnosis ranged from 0 (the tumor was found incidentally by mammography or ultrasound scan) to 84 months. In 1204 patients the size of the tumor did not exceed 2 cm. Most frequent localization was in external quadrants. 3 to 24 weeks after surgery all patients underwent breast irradiation with Co-60 or photons X 4–6 MeV in the dose of 42.5–50 Gy and next, 1405 of them received additionally 10–20 Gy to the site of the removed tumor, mostly with electrons of 9–15 MeV. In 489 the treatment was combined with chemo­therapy and in 592 patients with hormone therapy. Results. The tolerance of the treatment was good. In 1357 (95%) women the cosmetic effect of the treatment was evaluated as very good and good. 15-years overall survival (OS) rate was 85% and disease free survival (DFS) rate was 79%. 15-years local recurrence rate risk was 6.9% and distant metastases occurred in 12.7%. Unfavourable prognos­tic factors were: size of the tumor being more than 2 cm (T2), metastatic axillary lymph nodes (N 1–2), ductal type carcinoma and beginning of the treatment before the year 2006. Conclusions. Breast conserving treatment is a safe and well tolerated method providing a high percentage of overall and disease free survival as well as good and very good cosmetic effects. Failure of the breast conserving treatment is relatively rare and is mostly due to the generalisation of the disease. The prognosis in this group of patients depended on: the size of the primary tumor, presence of metastatic axillary lymph nodes, a ductal type of the cancer and timing of the beginning of treatment.Cel pracy. Ocena odległych wyników, ustalenie przyczyn niepowodzeń i czynników rokowniczych u kobiet chorych na raka piersi we wczesnym stopniu zaawansowania. Materiał i metody. W latach 1985–2009 w Zakładzie Teleradioterapii Centrum Onkologii — Instytutu im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie napromieniano 1425 chorych na wczesnego inwazyjnego raka piersi po leczeniu oszczędzającym. Czas trwania objawów wahał się od 0 (guz wykryty przypadkowo w badaniu mammograficznym lub USG) do 84 miesięcy. U 1204 chorych wielkość guza nie przekraczała 2 cm. Nowotwór najczęściej umiejscawiał się w kwadrantach zewnętrznych. W okresie od 3 do 24 tygodni po zakończeniu leczenia chirurgicznego wszystkie chore zostały poddane napromienianiu na pierś wiązkami Co-60 lub Fot X 4–6 MeV w dawkach 42,5–50 Gy, a następnie 1405 z nich napromieniono dodatkowo na lożę po guzie w dawkach 10–20 Gy, przeważnie elektronami o energii 9–15 MeV. U 489 chorych leczenie skojarzono z chemioterapią, a u 592 z hormonoterapią. Wyniki. Tolerancja leczenia była dobra. U 1357 (95%) chorych stwierdzono bardzo dobry i dobry efekt kosmetyczny. Piętnastoletnie przeżycia całkowite (OS) wyniosły 85%, a przeżycia bezobjawowe (DFS) 79%. Piętnastoletnie ryzyko nawrotu miejscowego wyniosło 6,9%, a przerzutów odległych 12,7%. Wśród czynników mających niekorzystny wpływ na rokowanie należy wymienić: wielkość guza powyżej 2 cm (T2), obecność przerzutów w węzłach chłonnych pachy (N1–2), typ histologiczny raka przewodowego oraz czas rozpoczęcia leczenia przed 2006 r. Wnioski. Leczenie oszczędzające jest bezpieczną i dobrze tolerowaną metodą postępowania, pozwalającą osiągnąć wysoki odsetek przeżyć całkowitych i bezobjawowych, jak i bardzo dobry i dobry efekt kosmetyczny. Niepowodzenia po leczeniu oszczędzającym są stosunkowo rzadkie i przeważnie związane z rozsiewem procesu nowotworowego. Rokowanie w analizowanej grupie chorych zależało od: wielkości guza pierwotnego, obecności przerzutów w węzłach chłonnych pachy, rozpoznania raka przewodowego w badaniu mikroskopowym i czasu rozpoczęcia leczenia

Angiosarcoma in an irradiated area after 16 year follow-up in patient treated with breast conserving therapy — case report

Opisano przypadek angiosarcoma w obszarze napromienianym u 71-letniej chorej leczonej z oszczędzeniem piersi przed 16 laty z powodu raka piersi lewej. Należy on do rzadkich nowotworów tkanek miękkich i stanowi ok. 1–2% wszystkich typów mięsaków. W obszarze napromienianym z powodu raka piersi występuje jeszcze rzadziej i stwierdza się go zaledwie u 0,04% chorych. Dokonano analizy przebiegu choroby oraz przeglądu piśmiennictwa z uwzględnieniem sposobów leczenia oraz czynników rokowniczych.A case is described of angiosarcoma in the irradiated area in a 71 year old patient treated with breast conserving therapy 16 years ago for cancer of the left breast. These rare tumours of soft tissues account for about 1–2% of alltypes of sarcomas. In the irradiated area breast cancer occurs less often and is found only in 0.4% of patients. Ananalysis of the course of the disease, and review of literature with regard to methods of treatment and prognostic factors were carried out

Evaluation of the eff ect of altering the irradiation technique in patients after breast conserving surgery including the reduction of the incidence of cardiac complications

Cel. Celem pracy jest retrospektywna ocena potencjalnej redukcji ryzyka powikłań popromiennych ze strony mięśnia sercowego w oparciu o badanie EKG u kobiet chorych na raka piersi po oszczędzającym leczeniu chirurgicznym, napromienianych konformalnie 3D, w porównaniu z grupą chorych napromienianych techniką 2D, jak również ocena wpływu wywieranego na serce przy napromienianiu zmian umiejscowionych w piersi lewej w porównaniu z napromienianiem zmian umiejscowionych w piersi prawej przy zastosowaniu nowoczesnych technik radioterapii. Materiał i metoda. W Zakładzie Radioterapii I Kliniki Onkologii Centrum Onkologii Instytutu w okresie od kwietnia 1985 r. do grudnia 2008 r. napromieniano 1211 chorych na raka piersi po oszczędzającym leczeniu chirurgicznym. Analizie poddano grupę 595 kobiet, które po zakończeniu leczenia zgłosiły się na badanie kontrolne i miały wykonane badanie EKG. Wiek chorych wahał się od 27 do 78 lat. U 327 nowotwór był umiejscowiony w piersi lewej, a u 268 — w piersi prawej. U wszystkich chorych zastosowano radioterapię na gruczoł piersiowy oraz dodatkowo na lożę po usuniętym guzie, zgodnie z protokołem obowiązującym w Centrum Onkologii. 382 chore napromieniano radykalnie 2D, a u 213 zastosowano radioterapię konformalną 3D. Wyniki. Zestawienie wyników EKG wykazało, że zmiany zapisu (zmiany niespecyfi czne lub niedokrwienne) wystąpiły u 32,7% leczonych z powodu raka piersi lewej i u 29,1% leczonych z powodu raka piersi prawej. Wśród chorych napromienianych radykalnie 2D zmiany zapisu EKG wystąpiły u 34,1%, gdy nowotwór był umiejscowiony po stronie lewej, w porównaniu z 29,9% przy umiejscowieniu po stronie prawej. W przypadku zastosowania radioterapii konformalnej 3D zmiany zapisu EKG zaobserwowano u 30,3% chorych na raka piersi po stronie lewej i u 27,5% — po stronie prawej. Nie stwierdzono statystycznie istotnych różnic w powikłaniach w sercu mierzonych badaniem EKG w zależności od strony umiejscowienia nowotworu i techniki napromieniania. Wnioski. Zmiana techniki napromieniania z radykalnej 2D na konformalną 3D nie powoduje zmniejszenia odsetka powikłań ze strony mięśnia serca na podstawie obrazu EKG. Nie stwierdza się również istotnych różnic w powikłaniach w zależności od strony umiejscowienia nowotworu.Aim of the study. The aim of the study was a retrospective evaluation of the potential reduction of the risk of myocardial complications after radiotherapy. This was based on ECG records of women with breast cancer after breast conserving surgery who underwent conformal 3D-planned radiotherapy compared to a group of women who underwent 2D-planned irradiation. Another goal was evaluation of possible diff erences in the rate of myocardial complications between the patients with lesions in the left or right breast when using the modern techniques of radiotherapy.Material and methods. Between April 1985 and December 2008, 1211 patients who had breast conserving surgery underwent radiotherapy in the 1st Department of Radiotherapy of The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology in Warsaw. We analyzed the group of 595 women who had follow-up examinations with ECG after the treatment. Their age range was 27–78 years. 327 had left and 268 right breast cancer. All had irradiation of the whole breast and additionally of the post-operative site after removal of the tumor according to the protocol accepted in the Institute of Oncology. 382 patients underwent radical 2D-planned radiotherapy and 213 conformal 3D-planned radiotherapy.Results: Evaluation of ECG results revealed that alterations (non-specifi c or ischemic) occurred in 32.7% of the patients with the cancer of the left breast and in 29.1% of those with right breast cancer. In patients who received radical 2D treatment ECG alterations occurred in 34.1% of those with left breast cancer compared to 29.9% with those with right breast cancer. In patients who received 3D conformal radiotherapy ECG alterations were observed in 30.3% with left breast cancer and in 27.5% with right breast cancer. There were no statistically signifi cant diff erences depending on the localization of the lesion and the technique of irradiation in the rates of myocardial complications evaluated using by ECG records.Conclusions. The change from radical 2D to 3D conformal technique of radiotherapy does not result in the reduction of myocardial complications evaluated using ECG records. Also, there is no signifi cant diff erence in complication rates with tumour localization

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Neutrino Physics with JUNO

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 kton multi-purposeunderground liquid scintillator detector, was proposed with the determinationof the neutrino mass hierarchy as a primary physics goal. It is also capable ofobserving neutrinos from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources, includingsupernova burst neutrinos, diffuse supernova neutrino background, geoneutrinos,atmospheric neutrinos, solar neutrinos, as well as exotic searches such asnucleon decays, dark matter, sterile neutrinos, etc. We present the physicsmotivations and the anticipated performance of the JUNO detector for variousproposed measurements. By detecting reactor antineutrinos from two power plantsat 53-km distance, JUNO will determine the neutrino mass hierarchy at a 3-4sigma significance with six years of running. The measurement of antineutrinospectrum will also lead to the precise determination of three out of the sixoscillation parameters to an accuracy of better than 1\%. Neutrino burst from atypical core-collapse supernova at 10 kpc would lead to ~5000inverse-beta-decay events and ~2000 all-flavor neutrino-proton elasticscattering events in JUNO. Detection of DSNB would provide valuable informationon the cosmic star-formation rate and the average core-collapsed neutrinoenergy spectrum. Geo-neutrinos can be detected in JUNO with a rate of ~400events per year, significantly improving the statistics of existing geoneutrinosamples. The JUNO detector is sensitive to several exotic searches, e.g. protondecay via the $p\to K^++\bar\nu$ decay channel. The JUNO detector will providea unique facility to address many outstanding crucial questions in particle andastrophysics. It holds the great potential for further advancing our quest tounderstanding the fundamental properties of neutrinos, one of the buildingblocks of our Universe

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Potential of Core-Collapse Supernova Neutrino Detection at JUNO

JUNO is an underground neutrino observatory under construction in Jiangmen, China. It uses 20kton liquid scintillator as target, which enables it to detect supernova burst neutrinos of a large statistics for the next galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and also pre-supernova neutrinos from the nearby CCSN progenitors. All flavors of supernova burst neutrinos can be detected by JUNO via several interaction channels, including inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton, interactions on C12 nuclei, etc. This retains the possibility for JUNO to reconstruct the energy spectra of supernova burst neutrinos of all flavors. The real time monitoring systems based on FPGA and DAQ are under development in JUNO, which allow prompt alert and trigger-less data acquisition of CCSN events. The alert performances of both monitoring systems have been thoroughly studied using simulations. Moreover, once a CCSN is tagged, the system can give fast characterizations, such as directionality and light curve