A Critical Review on Sandhi Sharir with special reference to Upamana Pramana

Ayurveda, the Ancient Medico Holistic Science, which is comprised of numerous fundamental concepts with basic doctrines. Ayurveda along with its concepts is eternal (Shaswata), and have their own identity which does not require other science to indulge in between. Such fundamental concepts are literally better understood, analysed and merely utilized in clinical practice only with the proper utility of Pramanas. Pramanas in Ayurveda are means of true knowledge. Acharya Sushruta describe four Pramanas and among the four Pramanas i.e. Pratyaksha (Direct perception), Agama (Teaching of scriptures), Anumama (Inference), Upamana (Analogy) - Upamana Pramana is used widely in Ayurvedic literatures. Upamana or Aupamya give the knowledge or idea of an object by similar comparison. The meaning of word Sandhi is “the meeting point of two or more structures.” According to modern, joint is a point where two or more bones articulates with each other. Aacharya Sushruta hasquoted that although there are numerous Sandhi in our body which cannot be counted so only Asthi Sandhi should be considered while enumerating Sandhis. To make the concept of Sandhi Sharir (Joints) clearer or to make it understand in a better and simpler way Acharya Sushruta has described it by comparing with one or more objects or to the day today available things by using the Upamana Pramana. The examples mentioned are not only meant for better understanding but also anatomically fit with structures and some extent to functions. A thorough knowledge of the structure and function of the joint is required to diagnose and treat the diseases of joints. So, the knowledge of anatomy of joints should be known

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FLOATING PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to the development of floating pulsatile drug delivery system of Losartan potassium (LP) tablets for obtaining no drug release during floating followed by pulsed, rapid drug release to achieve chronotherapeutic release. In hypertension, the risk of getting heart attacks early in the morning is high and therefore, there was need to develop drug delivery, which will release drugs at morning hours and provide efficacious therapy. LP is a short biological half-life (1.5-2.5h) and readily absorbed from the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Tablet formulation was prepared by press coating of rapid release core tablets and core tablets were further top coated with a buoyant layer of HPMC K4M and sodium bicarbonate. Various grades of HPMC polymer (E5/E15/E50) were used for the pulsatile coating layer. The developed formulations were characterized for physical characteristics, floating lag time, floating time, release lag time, drug content, swelling index, in vitro dissolution studies, DSC and XRD. Results: The FTIR and DSC studies predicted that there was no chemical interaction between drug and excipients. The core tablet coated with HPMC E50 showed a high swelling index and release the drug 97.60±1.2% at 6h. Buoyant layer with 80 mg HPMC K4M and 25 mg sodium bicarbonate gave satisfactory floating lag time. Conclusion: The system showed an excellent lag phase followed by burst release in the distal small intestine, which gives site and time-specific delivery of LP acting as per chronotherapy for treatment of hypertension

Effect of Tryushnadi Churnaon Kaphajpratishyay of children age group of 7 to 11 year

Kaphajpratishyay is one of the commonest frequently observed ailment in the children.Its very contagious disease seen all over the world causing much distress and discomfort to the people,                                                           As said in wangasen Samhita tryushnadichoorna is well effective in the treatment of kaphajpratishyay.Total 7 days of treatment given to 30 patients having different age gender , socioeconomical status, and complaints like NasavarosdhNasastrava, Shirashoola, Shirogaurav, Kshavathu and akshikuthshoth.According to statistical test of significance and assessment criteria 78 % patients of case study relieved by treatment of tryushnadichoorna on kaphajapratishyay

Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Large Operable Breast Cancers: A Prospective Nonrandomized Study

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide. The presentations of breast cancer patients are varied, and available treatment options are many. Management of breast cancer has changed over the period of years from radical surgeries to more of conservative approaches. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy therapy in downstaging large operable breast cancer (LOBC) in the Indian population and usefulness of less radical, breast conservative surgery (BCS) in these patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective nonrandomized study of 32 patients with LOBC was carried out between September 2014 and August 2015. Patients with stage IIIA disease of 18–70 years of age were included. Clinical tumor response was graded according to the World Health Organization Criteria for clinical tumor response. Locoregional management consisted of either BCS (wide local excision, complete axillary dissection, postoperative radiotherapy) or modified radical mastectomy (MRM), depending on feasibility for BCS and patients' choice about the type of surgery to undergo. Data collected was documented and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 43.73 years. Most of the patients were premenopausal. About 75% of patients achieved maximal response after 4 cycles neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Statistically significant response was achieved in downstaging the breast cancer. Complete clinical response was seen in 12.5%, and partial clinical response (cPR) was seen in 75% patients after neoadjuvant systematic chemotherapy. Postneoadjuvant chemotherapy, 68.75% patients became feasible for BCS. There was no statistically significant association between age, initial tumor size, and menstrual status with tumor response to chemotherapy and feasibility for BCS. Conclusions: To conclude, Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy is effective in the management of LOBC. BCS is feasible in the majority of LOBC after downstaging by Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy, which otherwise would require MRM

Assessment of cytogenic damage in chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects through micronucleus test

Background and aim: DNA and cells of human body are constantly in threat for exposure of oxidative stress and role of genetic factors and oxidative damage. A high number of reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative damage to a large number of molecules, including DNA, result in periodontal tissue damage through multiple mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation and DNA damage. The micronucleus test is a sensitive method that indicates DNA damage. The aim of the study was to assess the micronucleus frequency (MNF), as a biomarker for DNA damage, in individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were recruited for the study and divided into three groups. 20 subjects of group 1 had diabetes mellitus along with chronic periodontitis, Subjects with Diabetes mellitus and healthy periodontium were allotted to group 2 and group 3 include Subjects without Diabetes melilitus and with Chronic Periodontitis. Periodontal clinical examination was done. Blood sample collected was use to prepare a slide which was fixed in 5% gimsa solution and was analyzed in microscope then scoring of micronuclei was done. Results: The mean micronuclei observed in group 1, 2 and 3 were 14.8, 11 and 10.85 respectively i.e. group 1 showed significantly greater damage than other two groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that CBMN method was useful as a biomarker for DNA damage in individuals with chronic degenerative systemic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, as well as chronic local disease, such as PD

Comparative analysis of salivary sialic acid levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic periodontitis patients: A biochemical study

Aim: Sialic acid plays a central role in the functioning of biological systems, in stabilizing the glycoproteins and cellular membranes, assisting in cell–cell recognition and interaction. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the periodontal health status and salivary Sialic acid levels in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Ninety subjects were included in the study, which were divided into the following groups, 30 in each group. Group 1: patients suffering from COPD and chronic periodontitis, Group 2: periodontitis patients without any systemic diseases Group 3: healthy subjects. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected around 9–10 AM; 2 h after the subjects had breakfast. The sialic acid content was determined by a combined modification of the thiobarbituric acid method of Skoza and Mohos. Results: The mean salivary sialic acid levels were least in the healthy group followed by the periodontitis group, and it was highest in the COPD group. Conclusions: We can thus conclude that promotion of dental care knowledge is very much essential in the prevention and treatment of COPD. Thus, estimation of levels of salivary sialic acid can be used as an adjunct to diagnose the current periodontal disease status and to assess the treatment outcomes in subjects with COPD and chronic periodontitis

Rarely naturalized, but widespread and even invasive: the paradox of a popular pet terrapin expansion in Eurasia

The North American terrapin, the red-eared slider, has globally recognized invasive status. We built a new extensive database using our own original and literature data on the ecology of this reptile, representing information on 1477 water bodies throughout Eurasia over the last 50 years. The analysis reveals regions of earliest introductions and long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of the expansion covering now 68 Eurasian countries, including eight countries reported here for the first time. We established also long-term trends in terms of numbers of terrapins per aquatic site, habitat occupation, and reproduction success. Our investigation has revealed differences in the ecology of the red-eared slider in different parts of Eurasia. The most prominent expression of diverse signs of invasion success (higher portion of inhabited natural water bodies, higher number of individuals per water body, successful overwintering, occurrence of juvenile individuals, successful reproduction, and establishment of populations) are typical for Europe, West Asia and East Asia and tend to be restricted to coastal regions and islands. Reproduction records coincide well with the predicted potential range based on climatic requirements but records of successful wintering have a wider distribution. This invader provides an excellent and possibly unique (among animals) example of wide alien distribution, without the establishment of reproducing populations, but through the recruitment of new individuals to rising pseudopopulations due to additional releases. Therefore, alongside the potential reproduction range, a cost-effective strategy for population control must take in account the geographical area of successful wintering. Graphical abstrac