Research of ozonation process of the biologically pre-purified municipal wastewater

The paper considers the problem of post-treatment of municipal wastewater in Odessa using ozone. A significant place is given to the effect of the breakdown of toxic substances and important carcinogens. Based on theoretical studies, it was concluded that biological wastewater treatment does not guarantee a significant effect of the neutralization of many toxicants. The authors hypothesize the significant advantage of ozonation for the disposal and disinfection of wastewater compared to other methods, for example, chlorination. An important place is occupied by the search for optimal ozone treatment parameters. In laboratory conditions, data for mathematical modeling and optimization have been obtained. It has been established that the best treatment effect is achieved for the main wastewater pollutants, especially for synthetic surface-active substances (90 %) and BOD5 (65 %). Moreover, the processing time is 15 minutes at a dose of ozone of 20–25 mg/l. The concentration of total nitrogen decreases the least (20 %). It was found that a significant effect of disinfection by E. coli during ozonation is achieved by treating wastewater for 4 min at a dose of 3 mg/l of ozone. in a mixture of wastewater and natural water, this effect is achieved in 24 hours. The author's hypothesis of the gentle action of ozonation products for the widespread aquatic culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa is confirmed. A significant effect of destruction under the influence of ozone of carcinogens was observed. It was found that up to 82 % of benzpyrene in wastewater is destroyed within 16 minutes at a dose of 15 mg/l. The authors conclude that ozonation is a universal method for the purification of biologically treated municipal wastewater, which has a significant effect on the destruction of many toxicants and pathogenic microflora, without the presence of ozonation products that inhibit the development of natural aquatic cultures. Further research should focus on finding low cost ozone synthesis methods

Дослідження мембранного процесу видалення лактози з концентрату маслянки

Improving dairy production technologies, including ice cream, from the secondary raw materials through the introduction of innovative technologies allows you to save energy and resources. Buttermilk as a secondary material resource has valuable properties. They are due to the content of proteins, phospholipids, vitamin F, and others. Application of a butter-milk as a basis for lactose and low-calcined products, including ice cream is restrained by the content of lactose at the milk level. Among the known methods for the removal of lactose are widely used enzymes, membranes and their combination. The presented work is aimed at studying the main dependencies of the membrane treatment of the buttermilk by ultra- and diaphiltration with nano-filtration permeate obtained by appropriate treatment of the oil filtration fluid permeate. In experiments, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UV) membranes VPU-15 and nano-filtration (NF) flat membranes OPMN-P produced by «Владипор» (Russia) were used. Both types of membranes were used as part of laboratory membrane installations. The study used standard methods for determining the components of the buttermilk and its products UV and NF. For each membrane, filtrate performance and selectivity were determined depending on the operating parameters of UV permeate nanofiltration and diaphiltration (DF). UV retentate of the buttermilk on hollow fibers at a pressure of 0.15 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. was obtained at a concentration factor F = 4. The low selectivity of the VPU-15 membrane for lactose (4%) and high protein (99.6%) have been established. The nanofiltration of UV buttermilk permeate was carried out at a pressure range of 0.5 ... 2.0 MPa. From 0.5 to 1.5 MPa linear dependence of specific productivity on pressure at temperature 20 ... 22 °С is established. At concentration factor F = 4 in the retentate of nanofiltration 17.9% of lactose was observed, and in NF permeate 0.05% with the same concentration of salts of 0.7%. With continuous diafiltration of the UV retentate of the buttermilk, an increase in the membrane's productivity was observed with increasing temperature to 8.2 ... 10 l/m2 · h. The lowest concentration of lactose (0.01%) in the UV retentate was observed with the use of a sevenfold volume of NF permeate as a solvent. The effect of lactose removal was 99.8%. The results of the studies have shown that the combination of ultrafiltration and continuous diafiltration with NF permeate gives the desired result of the removal of lactose from the buttermilk concentrate. The best parameters of the research process were a pressure of 1.5 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. The obtained data can become the basis for obtaining mathematical dependencies for an estimation of an effective membrane method. Further research will be needed because of the problem of membrane contamination and their regeneration and disinfection.Удосконалення технологій виробництва молочних продуктів, у т. ч. морозива, з вторинної сировини за допомогою впровадження інноваційних технологій дає змогу заощадити енергію та ресурси. Маслянка як вторинний матеріальний ресурс має цінні властивості. Вони обумовлені вмістом білків, фосфоліпідів, вітаміну F та ін. Застосування маслянки як основи для безлактозних та низьколактозних продуктів, у т. ч. морозива, стримується вмістом лактози на рівні молока. Серед відомих методів видалення лактози широке застосування мають ферментні, мембранні та їх комбінація. Представлена робота має на меті вивчення основних залежностей мембранної обробки маслянки шляхом ультра- та діафільтрації нанофільтраційним пермеатом, отриманим відповідною обробкою ультрафільтраційного пермеату маслянки. У експериментах застосовували порожнистоволоконні ультрафільтраційні (УФ) мембрани ВПУ-15 та нанофільтраційні (НФ) плоскі мембрани ОПМН-П виробництва «Владипор» (Росія). Обидва типи мембран використовувались у складі лабораторних мембранних установок. У дослідженні застосовувались стандартні методики визначення складових маслянки та її продуктів УФ та НФ. Для кожної мембрани визначали продуктивність за фільтратом та селективність залежно від робочих параметрів нанофільтрації УФ пермеату та діафільтрації (ДФ). УФ ретентат маслянки на порожнистих волокнах при тискові 0,15 МПа та температурі 50 °С отримували при факторі концентрування F = 4. Встановлена низька селективність мембрани ВПУ-15 за лактозою (4%) та висока за білком – 99,6%. Нанофільтрація УФ пермеату маслянки проводилась у діапазоні  тиску 0,5…2,0 МПа. Від 0,5 до 1,5 МПа встановлено лінійну залежність питомої продуктивності від тиску при температурі 20…22 °С при факторі концентрування F = 4 у ретентаті нанофільтрації спостерігалось 17,9% лактози, а у НФ пермеаті 0,05% при однаковій концентрації солей 0,7%. При безперервній діафільтрації УФ ретентату маслянки спостерігалось зростання продуктивності мембран з ростом температури до 8,2…10 л/м2·год. Найменша концентрація лактози (0,01%) у УФ ретентаті спостерігалась при застосуванні семикратного об’єму НФ пермеату як розчинника. Ефект видалення лактози становив 99,8%. Результати досліджень показали, що комбінація ультрафільтрації та безперервної діафільтрації за допомогою НФ пермеату дає бажаний результат видалення лактози з концентрату маслянки. Найкращими параметрами процесу досліджень були тиск 1,5 МПа та температура 50 °С. Одержані дані можуть стати основою для отримання математичних залежностей для оцінки ефективного мембранного способу. Подальші дослідження будуть необхідні через проблему забруднення мембран та їхню регенерацію і дезінфекцію

The Problem of Institutional Corruption in the System of Higher Education

The article analyzes modern problems and trends of development of the system of higher education. The persistent expansion of regulation and uncontrolled growth of bureaucracy increase dependence of regulated areas on private interests of those who have access to the regulatory machine. This tendency has not bypassed the academic sphere, and, in many instances, there is a clear discrepancy between the proclaimed objectives and observed results. The vivid example is the Russian system of higher education, which is the main focus of the present study. We explain this phenomenon through the lens of the institutional corruption theory and argue that the observing evolution of modern academia forms a wrong system of incentives, bringing to the hands of bureaucrats excessive power, which, eventually, distorts the performance of the higher education sphere and undermines the effectiveness of this important institution

EFFECT OF METOPROLOL ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS OF YOUNG TO MIDDLE AGE

Aim. To evaluate the effect of metoprolol tartrate on blood pressure (BP) and cognitive function in young to middle aged patients with essential hypertension (HT).Material and methods. 40 men (age of 49,0±1,9 y.o.) with HT of I-II stage not taking antihypertensive medication regularly were enrolled into the study. All patients were given metoprolol tartrate (start dose 50-100 mg/d). Variables of 24-h BP monitoring and clinic BP, left ventricular mass index (measured by echocardiography) and characteristics of cognitive function (memory, attention, thinking and neurodynamic) were assessed at the start, after 1 and 6 months of therapy.Results. Good and satisfactory antihypertensive effect was achieved in 75% of hypertensive patients with metoprolol (186,6±13,4mg/d) monotherapy. Metoprolol significantly decreased maximum day-time systolic and diastolic BP, maximum night-time diastolic BP, mean day-time systolic and night-time diastolic BP, time-index, load-index and variability-index for night-time diastolic BP, day-time and night-time pulse BP. Left ventricular mass index reduced significantly (p<0,0001). After 6 months of therapy significant improvement of memory, attention, thinking and neurodynamic was observedConclusion. Metoprolol had beneficial effect on cognitive function in hypertensive patients, which demonstrate its cerebroprotective properties in addition to antihypertensive action. Metoprolol can reduce the risk of dementia in young to middle aged patients with HT

Multifocal atherosclerosis: focus on the prevention of ischemic events

In patients with atherosclerotic lesions of two or more systems or multifocal atherosclerosis (MFA), the risks of ischemic events are extremely high. MFA leads not only to cardiovascular outcomes, but also to a decrease in the patient’s quality of life, life expectancy, and in most cases to disability. The prevalence of this pathology and the importance of preventing adverse outcomes are often underestimated. This literature review examines the problem of MFA in the context of key studies on the prevalence, course of multivessel disease and the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular events in this group of patients, with an emphasis on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy

PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF EEG INDICATORS FOR CHANGES IN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN PATIENTS IN THE EARLY AND LONG-TERM POSTOPERATIVE PERIODS OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Aim. To study the prognostic role of background EEG activity indicators recorded in patients in the preoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for the development of cognitive impairment in the early and late postoperative periods.Methods. A total of 85 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent CABG were included in the study. Before CABG (3-5 days) all neuropsychological testing and EEG studies were performed, at the 7-10th days and 1 year after CABG only neuropsychological testing. EEG predictors of early (n = 85) and long-term (n = 65) postoperative cognitive dysfunction were detected using the method of multiple linear regression.Results. EEG predictors of deterioration of cognitive status in the early postoperative period of CABG were basic higher values of theta-rhythm power in the posterior regions of the cortex of both hemispheres with closed and open eyes. Whereas higher preoperative parameters of beta2-rhythm biopotentials in the left frontal areas with eyes open and lower alpha-rhythm power in the left occipital parts of the cerebral cortex with eyes closed were associated with long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction.Conclusion. associations of preoperative eeg indicators with deteriorations of cognitive status in the early and longterm postoperative periods of cabg were revealed. Aim. To study the prognostic role of background EEG activity indicators recorded in patients in the preoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for the development of cognitive impairment in the early and late postoperative periods.Methods. A total of 85 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent CABG were included in the study. Before CABG (3-5 days) all neuropsychological testing and EEG studies were performed, at the 7-10th days and 1 year after CABG only neuropsychological testing. EEG predictors of early (n = 85) and long-term (n = 65) postoperative cognitive dysfunction were detected using the method of multiple linear regression.Results. EEG predictors of deterioration of cognitive status in the early postoperative period of CABG were basic higher values of theta-rhythm power in the posterior regions of the cortex of both hemispheres with closed and open eyes. Whereas higher preoperative parameters of beta2-rhythm biopotentials in the left frontal areas with eyes open and lower alpha-rhythm power in the left occipital parts of the cerebral cortex with eyes closed were associated with long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion. associations of preoperative eeg indicators with deteriorations of cognitive status in the early and longterm postoperative periods of cabg were revealed

Relationship of psychological characteristics of the perception of illness and the coping strategies of patients with coronary artery disease with the indicators of their purpose-in-life orientation

Aim. To study the relationship of the perception of illness and coping strategies in patients with ischemic heart disease before coronary artery bypass grafting with purpose in life orientation. Methods. The study included 108 males aged 45 to 73 years with a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Clinical and psychological diagnostics included the study of the patient's perception of illness using the Personal Questionnaire of the Bekhterev Institute, the coping strategies were assessed with the Ways of Coping scale developed by Lazarus and Folkman. To study the purpose in life orientation (formation of goals in life, the level of self-realization of a person, meaningfulness and saturation of life in the past and present, plans for the future), the «Purpose-in-Life Test» by D.A. Leont'ev was used. Results. The study showed the predominance of adaptive variants of the perception of illness and moderate use of both productive and unproductive coping strategies in the studied group, as well as the preservation of aims and guidelines for the future in the situation of preparing for coronary bypass surgery. A positive relationship was found between the indicators of general meaningfulness of life, dedication, satisfaction with the process of activity and achievement of results with the indicators of adaptive variants of the perception of illness and productive coping behavior. Low levels of overall meaningfulness of life, inability to set goals and achieve them, as well as lack of satisfaction from past events, are associated with high rates of maladaptive variants of the perception of illness and the choice of unproductive coping strategies. Conclusion. A high level of purpose in life orientation in patients with ischemic heart disease can lead to the formation of adaptive variants of the perception of illness variants and productive coping strategies, whereas a low level of purpose in life orientation probably leads to the risks of the formation of maladaptive perception of illness variants and coping strategies

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВИРТУАЛЬНОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ ДЛЯ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КОГНИТИВНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ И КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ: ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ДЛЯ КАРДИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ИШЕМИЕЙ МОЗГА

HighlightsWe present an overview of publications on neurological and cardiac rehabilitation programs using virtual reality technologies. Training that involves multitasking and combining cognitive and physical tasks with interactive scenarios is most effective in terms of the improvement of the quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease. Ecotherapy in virtual environment is a promising way to reduce anxiety and stress. The review presents the analysis of publications focused on neurological and cardiac rehabilitation programs using virtual reality technologies (VRT), involving the integration of multisensory and multidomain tasks, as well as a meta-analysis of such studies. It is shown that VRTs make it possible to simulate interactive scenarios for simulating vigorous activity with given visual, tactile and kinesthetic sensations and with the appropriate correction in accordance with the needs of various users. It is noted that when developing programs based on VRT, it is necessary to take into account the degree of immersion of users in the virtual environment and symptoms of virtual reality sickness.The analysis of meta-reviews of published articles indicates the need to continue research in this field due to the wide variety of rehabilitation programs, used indicators of cognitive functions and health status in heterogeneous populations of healthy individuals and cardiac patients involved in training.The results obtained allow us to conclude that neurological and cardiac rehabilitation is the most effective when it involves training with multitasking and combined cognitive and physical tasks in VR. Ecotherapy in virtual environment is a promising way to reduce anxiety and stress.Основные положенияПредставлен обзор публикаций о программах нейро- и кардиореабилитации с использованием технологий виртуальной реальности. Для улучшения качества жизни пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца наиболее эффективна тренировка с помощью многозадачности и совмещения когнитивной и физической нагрузки с применением интерактивных сценариев. Для снижения тревожности и стресса перспективна экотерапия в виртуальной среде. В обзоре представлены публикации о программах нейро- и кардиореабилитации с использованием технологий виртуальной реальности, включающих интеграцию мультисенсорных и мультидоменных заданий, а также метаанализ таких исследований. Технологии виртуальной реальности позволяют моделировать интерактивные сценарии для имитации активной деятельности с заданными визуальными, тактильными и кинестетическими ощущениями и их коррекцией в соответствии с потребностями различных пользователей. При разработке программ на основе технологий виртуальной реальности необходимо учитывать степень погружения пользователей в виртуальную среду и симптомы киберболезни. Результаты метаобзоров свидетельствуют о необходимости исследований в данном направлении вследствие большого разнообразия программ реабилитации, используемых показателей когнитивных функций и состояния здоровья у привлеченных к тренировке разнородных популяций здоровых лиц и кардиологических пациентов.Для нейро- и кардиореабилитации наиболее эффективна тренировка с использованием многозадачности и совмещения когнитивной и физической нагрузок на основе технологий виртуальной реальности. Для снижения тревожности и стресса перспективна экотерапия в виртуальной среде

Clustering of indicators of the cognitive status in cardiac surgery patients to assess the risk of postoperative decline

The aim of the study. To determine the informational value of psychometric indicators used for the integral assessment of cognitive status in cardiac patients, and to find those that would help differentiate the individual sensibility to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).Materials and methods. The clustering methods were analyzed the extended psychometric testing data in 256 cardiac surgery patients. The psychometric testing carried out 3–5 days before and on days 7–10 after surgery using the psychophysiological complex program “Status PF”.Results. The cluster analysis revealed that the most informative tests for a screening risk assessment of POCD are the testing the speed of response to visual stimuli with feedback of changes in the stimuli exposition according to the individual reaction time and the testing short-term memory (memorized words). While the analysis of postoperative psychometric indicators, the patients in a modified clustering group were characterized by a deterioration of verbal memory and a decrease of the time reaction to visual stimuli whereas that its observed acceleration in the general “stable” group.Conclusion. The clustering methods enabled the identification of cardiac surgery patients in the preoperative stage who had less cognitive reserve for recovery after surgery. The changes in the relationship of complex visual and motor response, attention, and memory indicators, which depended on the belonging to the identified clusters, suggest that the preoperative period is characterized by the dedifferentiation of cognitive functions indicating a cognitive deficit

Modeling of changes in heat resistance of nickel-based alloys using bayesian artificial neural networks

Resource design of gas turbine engines and installations requires extensive information about the heat resistance of nickel-based superalloys, from which the most critical parts of aircraft and marine engines, pumps of gas-oil pumping stations and power plants are made. The problems are that the data on the heat resistance obtained as a result of testing each alloy under study are quite limited. In the present paper, the task of modelling changes in the heat resistance of nickel-based superalloy on the basis of available experimental data is solved. To solve the task, the most modern approach, the neural network modeling method, was applied. The input data are chemical compositions of heat-resistant nickel-based superalloys and the values of their heat resistance obtained experimentally. The output data are the calculated values of heat resistance modeled by an artificial neural network. In the course of the work, transformations of the input data were carried out to reduce the standard deviation of the modeling of the output data. The choice of the neural network configuration was made in order to achieve the highest possible accuracy. As a result, a neural network of direct error propagation was used, with 27 neurons on the input layer, 13 neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer. To validate the results of the predictions, a group of alloys with the maximum number of known experimental values of heat resistance was randomly selected before the input of data into the network. After preparing the data, selecting the configuration and training the network, the chemical compositions of the selected group were loaded and their heat resistance values were calculated. Comparison of the obtained data with the experimental data showed high efficiency of the method. As a result, data on the change of heat resistance for the studied alloys were obtained and an analytical expression describing the obtained dependences was formulated. © 2020, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved