Tecnología del marfil: herramientas, técnicas y modos de producción en la Edad del Cobre de la península ibérica. Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla) como caso de estudio

The use of ivory in the Mediterranean region dates to the Palaeolithic period, with a significant increase taking place during the Copper Age in southern Europe. This article explores, in-depth, the exploitation of elephant tusks and the processes behind manufacturing ivory objects during the Copper Age on the Iberian Peninsula. For this purpose, the mega-site of Valencina in southern Spain is used as a case study because of the abundant and varied collection of ivories it has yielded. The technological, morphological, and contextual dimensions of Copper Age ivory will be examined here. Standardised exploitation was observed, oriented towards the manufacture of specific types of blanks, based on the knowledge and use of different parts of the tusk (hollow and compact) in a differential and very specific manner. The main form of exploitation is longitudinal, that is, to produce plates, allowing for more efficient exploitation of this raw material. Furthermore, this study has revealed the only case so far in the Iberian Peninsula of a sawing process by abrasion, and not with a saw (“sciage au fil sablé”), extending our knowledge of the craftsmanship of Prehistoric societies.El uso del marfil en el Mediterráneo se remonta al Paleolítico, con un importante desarrollo durante la Edad del Cobre en el sur de Europa. Este artículo profundiza en la forma de explotación de los colmillos de elefante y en el proceso de fabricación de objetos de marfil durante la Edad del Cobre en la península ibérica. Se utiliza como muestra de estudio el mega-sitio de Valencina, en el sur de España, por la abundante y variada colección de marfiles que ha proporcionado. Este estudio examina en profundidad las dimensiones tecnológicas, morfológicas y contextuales del marfil de la Edad del Cobre. Como resultado, se observa una explotación estandarizada, orientada a la fabricación de soportes específicos, basada en el conocimiento y uso de las distintas partes del colmillo (huecas y compactas) de manera diferencial y muy específica. La principal forma de explotación es la longitudinal, es decir, la producción de placas, que permitía un mayor rendimiento de la materia prima. Además, este estudio ha revelado el único caso hasta ahora en la península ibérica de un procedimiento de aserrado por abrasión, y no con sierra (sciage au fil sablé), ampliando nuestro conocimiento sobre la artesanía de las sociedades prehistóricas

El marfil en la edad del cobre de la península ibérica. Una aproximación tecnológica, experimental y contextual a las colecciones ebúrneas del mega-sitio de Valencina de la Concepción - Castilleja de Guzmán (Sevilla).

Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo principal determinar el papel tanto económico como social del marfil en el suroeste peninsular, en el seno de las sociedades de la Edad del Cobre a través del caso particular del mega-sitio de Valencina de la Concepción-Castilleja de Guzmán (Sevilla), y su comparación con otros contextos. Aunque la aproximación a este conjunto de marfiles ha estado orientada desde un punto de vista principalmente tecnológico, muy específicamente encaminado, aunque no solo, al reconocimiento de las técnicas y herramientas empleadas, los procedimientos y los modos de hacer, la tesis que se ha desarrollado tiene un enfoque multidisciplinar desde su concepción, aunando conservación, restauración, tecnología, experimentación y análisis contextual. El marfil se inscribe en el más amplio marco de la explotación de recursos bióticos, y concretamente animales. Durante la Prehistoria Reciente, las materias duras de origen animal fueron empleadas para elaborar herramientas orientadas a las actividades de producción/adquisición, pero también para fabricar artefactos de marcado carácter simbólico. La selección de determinada materia prima refleja elecciones culturales precisas, de modo que los recursos óseos, por su variado y versátil uso, constituyen una pieza clave para el conocimiento de las sociedades del pasado, contexto en el que el marfil puede ayudar a revelar aspectos de índole económica, social, cultural e ideológica. A nivel teórico, el enfoque tecnológico se ha fundamentado en el concepto chaîne opératoire, como herramienta que tiene la capacidad de guiar el estudio a través de cada paso del análisis y la interpretación (Soressi y Geneste, 2011: 341). Este enfoque se ha materializado de forma práctica en una metodología y un vocabulario específicos. Así el estudio y análisis empírico del material se apoyan en: 1) el reconocimiento de la materia prima (marfil de proboscídeo) a través del conocimiento profundo de sus características específicas, 2) la restauración de las piezas en peor estado de conservación para su correcta identificación, 3) la clasificación de cada artefacto en una categoría de análisis (bloques, soportes, esbozos, restos de fabricación, objetos acabados e indeterminados), 4) el reconocimiento de las técnicas, procedimientos y modos de trabajo, y 5) la puesta en práctica de varios experimentos como medio de contrastación de las hipótesis sobre la fabricación de algunas piezas, y la explotación general de la defensa de elefante. El análisis contextual se basa en el tipo de estructura en la que aparece el material, la cantidad (estimación de la cantidad de objetos y peso), el origen de la materia prima y su representatividad dentro del conjunto de industria ósea de la estructura, el NMI en la estructura y la cronología. Se han revisado 383 artefactos de conjuntos de Valencina que según la bibliografía podían contener artefactos de marfil de proboscídeo. Este material proviene de 12 estructuras de cronología calcolítica pertenecientes a ocho sectores del yacimiento. De las estructuras estudiadas cuatro se relacionan con actividades diferentes al enterramiento, posiblemente vinculadas con actividades artesanales y de producción (UC402 del Sector IES, UC5 y UC63 del Sector DÍA y ¿Estructura 50? del PP-Matarrubilla), y ocho son estructuras de carácter ritual y/o funerario (tholos de Montelirio, Estructura 10.042-10.049 y Estructura 10.076 del Sector PP4-Montelirio, tholos de Matarrubilla, tholos del Depósito de Agua (Castilleja de Guzmán); y Tumba 2, Tumba 3 y Tumba 5 del Sector Divina Pastora-Urbanización Señorío de Guzmán), además de una pieza sin UE/Estructura (y por tanto descontextualizada) del Sector PP4-Montelirio. Aunque la muestra de estudio puede parecer en principio reducida, la cantidad de material presente en Valencina ha brindado el laboratorio perfecto para realizar el primer estudio tecnológico completo de material ebúrneo prehistórico peninsular, obteniendo resultados que arrojan luz sobre cuestiones de índole tecnológica, experimental y contextual sobre la gestión y valor económico y social de esta materia prima. Así, Valencina destaca con casi 8,8 kg de marfil, superando de momento el peso de cualquier otro sitio calcolítico ibérico. Se constata un variado origen de la materia prima (Schuhmacher, 2012a y 2012b; Schuhmacher et al., 2013a, García Sanjuán et al. 2013), con dos fuentes extra-peninsulares (Loxodonta africana africana y Elephas maximus) y una tercera cuyo abastecimiento pudo realizarse de forma local Elephas (Palaeloxodon) antiquus). A nivel tecnológico el estudio revela que la explotación de la defensa se realizó de una forma sistemática, basada en dos formas de explotación diferenciadas, la transversal y la longitudinal, siendo la longitudinal (mediante una acción perpendicular al eje longitudinal del bloque) la forma de explotación preferencial, con un 72% del con junto fabricado sobre placas obtenidas de este modo (peines, discos perforados, tapaderas, empuñaduras, placas, etc.). Entre las técnicas identificadas, se ha constatado por primera vez en la península ibérica el empleo del aserrado por abrasión con cuerda (Sciage au fil sablé) como técnica empleada para la segmentación transversal de la defensa, lo que pone en tela de juicio la tendencia a asumir que el aserrado con sierra metálica es la técnica predilecta, o la única. Igualmente revelador ha sido constatar a nivel experimental que los perforadores líticos hasta ahora identificados en la bibliografía especifica de Valencina no pudieron ser los responsables de las perforaciones observadas en los marfiles, y que muy posiblemente éstas debieron realizarse mediante sistemas mecánico-manuales, como taladros de arco, con brocas de muy escaso diámetro. El reconocimiento de un caso de reparación, la posibilidad de haber detectado un caso de fragmentación y redistribución de piezas de marfil, el contexto (funerario, principalmente estructuras tipo tholos) y la tipología de los objetos, reflejan el carácter especial de este material. No se ha estudiado ni un solo objeto de marfil que pueda adscribirse a actividades productivas o de mantenimiento (como herramientas), por lo que todo el conjunto revela su uso como artefactos sociotécnicos o ideotécnicos. La variabilidad de tipos de objetos de marfil no es solo muy amplia (cuentas, recipientes cilíndricos, cajas, discos perforados, empuñaduras, placas, peines, tapaderas, bocas de recipientes, colgantes, etc.) sino que cada tumba de Valencina ostenta un "lote" único de piezas. Esto sugiere que los objetos no se fabricaron en serie (aunque sí se dio una forma de explotación sistematizada), sino de forma tal vez personalizada, orientada a un tipo de consumidores particulares (¿personas destacadas o con ambiciones de destacar dentro de una sociedad o grupo determinado?). Parece por tanto que el marfil tuvo un papel predominante en la construcción del ritual funerario y el orden social de la Valencina calcolítica, y aunque una gran parte del material proviene de enterramientos colectivos, algunos individuos tuvieron acceso privilegiado a grandes cantidades de materias primas exóticas como ámbar, cinabrio, oro, huevo de avestruz, cristal de roca, etc., entre las que la ostentación de grandes cantidades de marfil, y objetos únicos fabricados con él, fueron empleados como marcadores de estatus.The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to determine the economic and social role of ivory in the southwest of the Iberian peninsula within Copper Age societies, through the particular case of the Valencina de la Concepción-Castilleja de Guzmán (Seville) mega-site, and its comparison with other contexts. Although the approach to this assemblage of ivories has been oriented from a technological point of view, very specifically directed, although not only, to the recognition of techniques and tools, procedures and ways of doing, this thesis has a multidisciplinary approach, combining conservation, restoration, technology, experimentation and contextual analysis. Ivory is part of the broader framework of exploitation of biotic resources, specifically animals. During the Late Prehistory, hard animal tissues were used to produce tools oriented to activities of production/acquisition, but also to manufacture artefacts with marked symbolic character. The selection of a certain raw material reflects precise cultural choices. Therefore, osseous resources, because of their varied and versatile use, constitute a key piece for the knowledge of the societies of the past. Context in which ivory can help to reveal aspects of economic, social, cultural and ideological nature. At a theoretical level, the technological approach has been based on the concept chaîne opératoire, as a tool that has the ability to guide the study through each step of the analysis and interpretation (Soressi and Geneste, 2011: 341). This approach has materialized in a practical way in a specific methodology and vocabulary. Thus, the empirical study and analysis of the material are based on: 1) the recognition of the raw material (proboscidean ivory) through the deep knowledge of its specific characteristics, 2) the restoration of the artifacts in bad preservation conditions for its correct identification, 3) the classification of each artefact in a category of analysis (blocks, blanks, pre-forms, production wastes, finished objects and un-determined artifacts), 4) the recognition of techniques, procedures and modes, and 5) the practical implementation of some experiments as a method of testing the hypothesis about the manufacture of some pieces, and the general exploitation of the elephant tusk. The contextual analysis is based on the type of structure in which the material appears, the quantity (estimation of the number of objects and weight), the origin of the raw material and its representativeness within the ensemble of bone industry of the structure, the NMI in the structure and the chronology. We have studied 383 artifacts of different assemblages of materials from Valencina that according to the bibliography contained ivory items. The material comes from 12 calcolithic structures belonging to eight sectors of the site. Of the structures studied, four relate to activities other than burial, possibly linked to artisanal and productive activities (UC402 of Sector IES, UC5 and UC63 of Sector DÍA and ¿Structure 50? of PPMatarrubilla), and eight are structures with ritual/funerary character (Montelirio tholos, Structure 10.042-10.049 and Structure 10.076 of the Sector PP4-Montelirio, Matarrubilla tholos, Depósito de Agua tholos (Castilleja de Guzmán), and Tomb 2, Tomb 3 and Tomb 5 of the Divina Pastora- Urbanización Señorío de Guzmán sector, in addition to a piece without UE / Structure (and therefore decontextualized) of PP4-Montelirio sector. Although the sample of study may in principle seem reduced, the amount of material present in Valencina has provided the perfect laboratory for the first complete technological study of Iberian prehistoric ivory, obtaining results that shed light on technological, experimental and contextual issues, on the management and economic and social value of this raw material. Thus, Valencina stands out with almost 8.8 kg of ivory, a figure that far exceeds for the moment the weight of any other Iberian chalcolithic site. The varied origin of this raw material has already been reported (Schuhmacher, 2012a and 2012b; Schuhmacher et al., 2013a, García Sanjuán et al. 2013), with two extra-peninsular sources (Loxodonta africana africana and Elephas maximus) and a third one, Elephas (Palaeloxodon) antiquus, that could be collected locally. On a technological level, the study reveals that the exploitation of the tusk was carried out in a systematic way, based on two different forms of exploitation (transversal and longitudinal), being the longitudinal way (through an action perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the block) the preferential form of exploitation, with 72% of the studied ensemble manufactured from plaques obtained in this way (combs, perforated discs, lids, handles, plates, etc.). Among the identified techniques, the use of sawing by abrasion with rope (Sciage au fil sablé) for the transversal segmentation of the tusk has been observed for the first time in Iberia. This find calls into question the tendency to assume that sawing with a metal saw is the preferred technique, or the only one. It has been equally very interesting to prove experimentally that the lithic drillers identified so far in the specific literature of Valencina could not be responsible for the perforations observed in the ivories, and that very possibly these had to be done by mechanical-manual systems, such as arc-drills, with very thin borers. The recognition of a repair case, the possibility of having detected a case of fragmentation and redistribution of pieces of ivory, the context (funerary, mainly tholos type structures) and the typology of the objects, reflect the special character of this material. Not a single ivory object has been studied that can be ascribed to productive or maintenance activities (as tools), so the whole set reveals its use as sociotechnical and deotechnical artifacts. The variability of types of ivory objects is very wide in Valencina (beads, cylindrical containers, boxes, perforated discs, handles, plaques, combs, lids, containers, pendants, etc.), and the assemblage has a distinctive feature: each tomb has unique objects, which are not repeated in other tombs. This suggests that the production of ivory objects was not "serial", but perhaps "persnalised", directed towards specific consumers (individuals of special importance or with the ambition to stand out within a certain society or group?). It seems therefore that ivory played a predominant role in the construction of the funerary ritual and social order of the calcolithic Valencina, and although a large part of the material comes from collective burials, some individuals had privileged access to large quantities of exotic raw materials, like amber, cinnabar, gold, ostrich egg, rock crystal, etc., among which the ostentation of large quantities of ivory, and unique objects made with it, were used as status markers

Crafting Idiosyncrasies. Early Social Complexity, Ivory and Identity-Making in Copper Age Iberia

As a raw material, ivory has been used to manufacture a wide range of objects, normally associated with sumptuous material culture. In this article we explore the role played by ivory and ivory artefacts among early complex societies, and particularly its importance in the definition of identities among emergent elites. To this end, we make a thorough examination of the evidence from Copper Age Iberia, focusing on the mega-site of Valencina, in southern Spain. This site has provided what to date is the largest assemblage of prehistoric ivory in western Europe, with an estimated total of 8.8 kg, including finely crafted artefacts of unrivalled beauty and sophistication. Our study looks carefully at the technological, morphological and contextual dimensions of Copper Age ivory. As a result, we contend that the broad morphological variability together with the technological uniformity of this assemblage suggest that, while belonging to a common technological tradition, objects were deliberately crafted as unique and unrepeatable so that they could be used to create and maintain socio-cultural idiosyncrasies and ideological legitimation.This research has been carried out thanks to two research grants—grant numbers BFI-2012-261 (Predoc) and POS-2018-1-0074 (Postdoc)—funded by the Basque Government awarded to M. Luciañez-Triviño, and has been developed within the Prehistoric Research Consolidated Group of the Basque Country University UPV/EHU (IT1223-19). We thank the staff of the Museums of Seville and Valencina, as well as all the archaeologists who have provided material and support for the study. Many thanks also to Professor Timothy Earle and Dr Marta Díaz-Guardamino Uribe for their feedback on earlier drafts of this paper

Ivory craftsmanship, trade and social significance in the southern Iberian Copper Age: the evidence from the PP4? Montelirio sector of Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)

Because of its great potential to provide data on contacts and overseas trade, ivory has aroused a great deal of interest since the very start of research into Iberian late prehistory. Research recently undertaken by the German Archaeological Institute in Madrid in collaboration with a number of other institutions has provided valuable contributions to the study of ivory in the Iberian Copper Age and Early Bronze Age. One of the archaeological sites that is contributing the most data for analysing ivory from the Copper Age in southern Iberia is Valencina de la Concepcion (Seville), which is currently the focus of several debates on the development of social complexity. This article contributes to this line of research by providing new, unpublished evidence and by examining the significance of ivory craftsmanship in commercial, social, and ideological terms. It also assesses in greater detail the prominent part played by luxury ivory items as an expression of social status and power.<br/

The value of procalcitonin as a prognostic indicator in polytraumatized patients in a pediatric critical care unit

Fonament. El politraumatisme (PT) greu té una morbimortalitat elevada. La procalcitonina PCT) podria ser útil com a indicador pronòstic. Objectiu. Definir els nivells de PCT en el pacient poli-traumàtic (PPT) i la seva implicació pronòstica. Mètode. Estudi prospectiu observacional. Criteris d'inclusió: pacients menors de 16 anys, ingressats per PT en una unitat de cures intensives pediàtrica (UCIP), amb determinació de PCT a l'ingrés i al cap de 24-48 hores. Període d'estudi: novembre del 2009 - novembre del 2011. Tractament esta- dístic mitjançant el paquet SPSS® versió 17.0. Resultats. De seixanta-set pacients amb politraumatisme, vint complien criteris. La mitjana d'edat era de 13,6 ± 4,2 anys i 19 (95%) eren homes. La puntuació del Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score Index (PRISM-III) era de 9,8 ± 7,38 i l'Índex de Trauma Pediàtric (ITP) de 5,5 ± 2,08. Els nivells mitjans de PCT a les 24 hores eren de 7,67 ± 18,05 ng/ml. Es van diagnosticar vuit casos d'infecció bacteriana. Cap pacient va ser èxitus. La PCT es va correlacionar amb la puntuació PRISM-III (R 0,6; p = 0,048). Els nivells mitjans de PCT eren significativament superiors en el grup que va necessitar ventilació mecànica respecte als que no en van necessitar(p = 0,046) i en el grup de pacients infectats (p = 0,039). Es va objectivar una tendència a la correlació entre els valors mitjans de PCT a l'ingrés i els dies d'ingrés (R 0,393, p = 0,1). Conclusions. Els valors de la PCT van ser elevats, per la freqüència de la complicació bacteriana en els PPT. La PCT podria ser útil com a factor pronòstic

Are long bone fractures really rare in children younger than 2 years?

Fonament. Les fractures són habituals entre les lesions no intencionades de la infància, però es creu que són poc fre- qüents en lactants. Objectiu. Determinar la freqüència diagnòstica i les caracte- rístiques de les fractures produides en nens menors de 2 anys. Mètode. Estudi retrospectiu de les consultes d'infants menors de 2 anys diagnosticats de fractura d'os llarg a urgències. Resultats. S'inclouen 258 consultes (prevalença 0,2%), el 25,2% de les quals corresponen a infants de menys d'1 any. Es van diagnosticar 293 fractures (35 infants en pre- sentaven dues). L'os més fracturat va ser el radi (en menors d'1 any, el fèmur), i la fractura en rodet, el tipus més ha- bitual. En 196 consultes (76%) se n'especifica la causa, i les més freqüents són caigudes i traumatismes. El 15,1% dels pacients van necessitar ingressar. Conclusions. Les fractures d'os llarg, tot i que són poc fre- qüents en lactants, presenten una morbiditat elevada. És important fer una anamnesi exhaustiva per esclarir-ne la causa i poder aplicar mesures preventive

Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease in children: Underlying clinical conditions, and immunological and microbiological characteristics.

Purpose Clinical, immunological and microbiological characteristics of recurrent invasive pneumo-coccal disease (IPD) in children were evaluated, differentiating relapse from reinfection, in order to identify specific risk factors for both conditions. Methods All patients<18 years-old with recurrent IPD admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric center from January 2004 to December 2011 were evaluated. An episode of IPD was defined as the presence of clinical findings of infection together with isolation and/or pneumococcal DNA detection by Real-Time PCR in any sterile body fluid. Recurrent IPD was defined as 2 or more episodes in the same individual at least 1 month apart. Among recurrent IPD, we differentiated relapse (same pneumococcal isolate) from reinfection. Results 593 patients were diagnosed with IPD and 10 patients died. Among survivors, 23 episodes of recurrent IPD were identified in 10 patients (1.7%). Meningitis was the most frequent form of recurrent IPD (10 episodes/4 children) followed by recurrent empyema (8 episodes/4 children). Three patients with recurrent empyema caused by the same pneumococcal clone ST306 were considered relapses and showed high bacterial load in their first episode. In contrast, all other episodes of recurrent IPD were considered reinfections. Overall, the rate of relapse of IPD was 0.5% and the rate of reinfection 1.2%. Five out of 7 patients with rein- fection had an underlying risk factor: cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 3), chemotherapy treatment (n = 1) and a homozygous mutation in MyD88 gene (n = 1). No predisposing risk factors were found in the remainder. Conclusions recurrent IPD in children is a rare condition associated with an identifiable risk factor in case of reinfection in almost 80% of cases. In contrast, recurrent IPD with pleuropneumonia is usually a relapse of infection

Microbial dysbiosis and lack of SCFA production in a Spanish cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating, and immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The incidence of MS has increased in the past several decades, suggesting changes in the environmental risk factors. Much effort has been made in the description of the gut microbiota in MS; however, little is known about the dysbiosis on its function. The microbiota produces thousands of biologically active substances among which are notable the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) excretion. Objectives: Analyze the interaction between microbiota, SCFAs, diet, and MS. Methods: 16S, nutritional questionnaires, and SCFAS quantification have been recovered from MS patients and controls. Results: Our results revealed an increment in the phylum Proteobacteria, especially the family Enterobacteriaceae, a lack in total SCFA excretion, and an altered profile of SCFAs in a Spanish cohort of MS patients. These alterations are more evident in patients with higher disability. Conclusions: The abundance of Proteobacteria and acetate and the low excretion of total SCFAs, especially butyrate, are common characteristics of MS patients, and besides, both are associated with a worse prognosis of the disease.This work was supported by the Spanish Network of Multiple Sclerosis (REEM) under the grant (BIOD19-021) and by Basque government projects (2018111038 and 2019111013)

Primary care randomized clinical trial: manual therapy effectiveness in comparison with TENS in patients with neck pain

This study investigated effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to reduce pain intensity in patients with mechanical neck disorder (MND). A randomized multi-centered controlled clinical trial was performed in 12 Primary Care Physiotherapy Units in Madrid Region. Ninety patients were included with diagnoses of subacute or chronic MND without neurological damage, 47 patients received MT and 43 TENS. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured in millimeters using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Also disability, quality of life, adverse effects and sociodemographic and prognosis variables were measured. Three evaluations were performed (before, when the procedure ?nished and six months after). Seventy-one patients (79%) completed the follow-up measurement at six months. In more than half of the treated patients the procedure had a clinically relevant ?short term? result after having ended the intervention, when either MT or TENS was used. The success rate decreased to one-third of the patients 6 months after the intervention. No differences can be found in the reduction of pain, in the decrease of disability nor in the quality of life between both therapies. Both analyzed physiotherapy techniques produce a short-term pain reduction that is clinically relevant.Ministerio de SanidadInstituto de Salud Carlos II

CATALOGACIÓN Y ESTUDIO DEL BROCADO APLICADO EN LOS RETABLOS DEL TERRITORIO HISTÓRICO ALAVÉS

Con el fin de estudiar en mayor profundidad el brocado aplicado en Álava, se propuso y se llevo a cabo una metodología de trabajo concreta que nos llevó a la caracterización y clasificación tipológica, técnica y material de los brocados de los retablos de la provincia, antes de que éstos pudieran sufrir mayores deterioros o pérdida total.Luciañez Triviño, M. (2009). CATALOGACIÓN Y ESTUDIO DEL BROCADO APLICADO EN LOS RETABLOS DEL TERRITORIO HISTÓRICO ALAVÉS. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/13690Archivo delegad