10,619 research outputs found
Development of Readout Interconnections for the Si-W Calorimeter of SiD
The SiD collaboration is developing a Si-W sampling electromagnetic
calorimeter, with anticipated application for the International Linear
Collider. Assembling the modules for such a detector will involve special
bonding technologies for the interconnections, especially for attaching a
silicon detector wafer to a flex cable readout bus. We review the interconnect
technologies involved, including oxidation removal processes, pad surface
preparation, solder ball selection and placement, and bond quality assurance.
Our results show that solder ball bonding is a promising technique for the Si-W
ECAL, and unresolved issues are being addressed.Comment: 8 pages + title, 6 figure
Dynamic nuclear polarisation in biased quantum wires with spin-orbit interaction
We propose a new method for dynamic nuclear polarisation in a quasi
one-dimensional quantum wire utilising the spin-orbit interaction, the
hyperfine interaction, and a finite source-drain potential difference. In
contrast with current methods, our scheme does not rely on external magnetic or
optical sources which makes independent control of closely placed devices much
more feasible. Using this method, a significant polarisation of a few per cent
is possible in currently available InAs wires which may be detected by
conductance measurements. This may prove useful for nuclear-magnetic-resonance
studies in nanoscale systems as well as in spin-based devices where external
magnetic and optical sources will not be suitable.Comment: 6 pages, published versio
Dynamical Aspects of Generalized Palatini Theories of Gravity
We study the field equations of modified theories of gravity in which the
lagrangian is a general function of the Ricci scalar and Ricci-squared terms in
Palatini formalism. We show that the independent connection can be expressed as
the Levi-Civita connection of an auxiliary metric which, in particular cases of
interest, is related with the physical metric by means of a disformal
transformation. This relation between physical and auxiliary metric boils down
to a conformal transformation in the case of f(R) theories. We also show with
explicit models that the inclusion of Ricci squared terms in the action can
impose upper bounds on the accessible values of pressure and density, which
might have important consequences for the early time cosmology and black hole
formation scenarios. Our results indicate that the phenomenology of
f(R_{ab}R^{ab}) theories is much richer than that of f(R) and f(R_{ab}R^{ab})
theories and that they also share some similarities with Bekenstein's
relativistic theory of MOND.Comment: 8 pages, no figure
Space Charge Limited Transport and Time of Flight Measurements in Tetracene Single Crystals: a Comparative Study
We report on a systematic study of electronic transport in tetracene single
crystals by means of space charge limited current spectroscopy and time of
flight measurements. Both - and time of flight measurements show that the
room-temperature effective hole-mobility reaches values close to
cm/Vs and show that, within a range of temperatures, the mobility increases
with decreasing temperature. The experimental results further allow the
characterization of different aspects of the tetracene crystals. In particular,
the effects of both deep and shallow traps are clearly visible and can be used
to estimate their densities and characteristic energies. The results presented
in this paper show that the combination of - measurements and time of
flight spectroscopy is very effective in characterizing several different
aspects of electronic transport through organic crystals.Comment: Accepted by J. Appl. Phys.; tentatively scheduled for publication in
the January 15, 2004 issue; minor revisions compared to previous cond-mat
versio
Why a falling drop does not in general behave like a rising bubble
Is a settling drop equivalent to a rising bubble? The answer is known to be in general a no, but we show that when the density of the drop is less than 1.2 times that of the surrounding fluid, an equivalent bubble can be designed for small inertia and large surface tension. Hadamard's exact solution is shown to be better for this than making the Boussinesq approximation. Scaling relationships and numerical simulations show a bubble-drop equivalence for moderate inertia and surface tension, so long as the density ratio of the drop to its surroundings is close to unity. When this ratio is far from unity, the drop and the bubble are very different. We show that this is due to the tendency for vorticity to be concentrated in the lighter fluid, i.e. within the bubble but outside the drop. As the Galilei and Bond numbers are increased, a bubble displays underdamped shape oscillations, whereas beyond critical values of these numbers, over-damped behavior resulting in break-up takes place. The different circulation patterns result in thin and cup-like drops but bubbles thick at their base. These shapes are then prone to break-up at the sides and centre, respectivel
Dynamics of an initially spherical bubble rising in quiescent liquid
The beauty and complexity of the shapes and dynamics of bubbles rising in liquid have fascinated scientists for centuries. Here we perform simulations on an initially spherical bubble starting from rest. We report that the dynamics is fully three-dimensional, and provide a broad canvas of behaviour patterns. Our phase plot in the Galilei–Eötvös plane shows five distinct regimes with sharply defined boundaries. Two symmetry-loss regimes are found: one with minor asymmetry restricted to a flapping skirt; and another with marked shape evolution. A perfect correlation between large shape asymmetry and path instability is established. In regimes corresponding to peripheral breakup and toroid formation, the dynamics is unsteady. A new kind of breakup, into a bulb-shaped bubble and a few satellite drops is found at low Morton numbers. The findings are of fundamental and practical relevance. It is hoped that experimenters will be motivated to check our predictions
Study of wavelength-shifting chemicals for use in large-scale water Cherenkov detectors
Cherenkov detectors employ various methods to maximize light collection at
the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). These generally involve the use of highly
reflective materials lining the interior of the detector, reflective materials
around the PMTs, or wavelength-shifting sheets around the PMTs. Recently, the
use of water-soluble wavelength-shifters has been explored to increase the
measurable light yield of Cherenkov radiation in water. These wave-shifting
chemicals are capable of absorbing light in the ultravoilet and re-emitting the
light in a range detectable by PMTs. Using a 250 L water Cherenkov detector, we
have characterized the increase in light yield from three compounds in water:
4-Methylumbelliferone, Carbostyril-124, and Amino-G Salt. We report the gain in
PMT response at a concentration of 1 ppm as: 1.88 0.02 for
4-Methylumbelliferone, stable to within 0.5% over 50 days, 1.37 0.03 for
Carbostyril-124, and 1.20 0.02 for Amino-G Salt. The response of
4-Methylumbelliferone was modeled, resulting in a simulated gain within 9% of
the experimental gain at 1 ppm concentration. Finally, we report an increase in
neutron detection performance of a large-scale (3.5 kL) gadolinium-doped water
Cherenkov detector at a 4-Methylumbelliferone concentration of 1 ppm.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods
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