Analytical Report on Metaheuristic and Non-Metaheuristic Algorithms for Clustering in Wireless Networks

This analytical report delves into the comprehensive evaluation of both metaheuristic and non-metaheuristic algorithms utilized for clustering in wireless networks. Clustering techniques play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency and performance of wireless networks by organizing nodes into meaningful groups. Metaheuristic algorithms, inspired by natural processes, offer innovative solutions to complex optimization problems, while non-metaheuristic algorithms rely on traditional mathematical principles. This report systematically compares and contrasts the efficacy of various algorithms, considering key metrics such as convergence speed, scalability, robustness, and adaptability to dynamic network conditions. By scrutinizing both categories of algorithms, this report aims to provide a holistic understanding of their respective advantages, limitations, and applicability in wireless network clustering scenarios. The insights derived from this analysis can guide network engineers, researchers, and practitioners in selecting the most suitable algorithms based on specific network requirements, ultimately contributing to the advancement of wireless network clustering techniques

Enhancement of Performance Metrics of Heterogeneous Wireless Camera Sensor Network with Functionalization of Extensive Zonal Stable Election Protocol using Threshold Amplification and Residual Energy

We report a new improved energy competent and optimized data packet flow protocol with Hierarchical Clustering utilized in Wireless camera Sensor Network.The existing Extensive Zonal Stable Election Protocol has been modified along with the threshold parameters amplification and residual energy. It incorporates dynamic hybrid method with finite number of Member Sensor nodes (MSN) in proximity with the base station share their data directly , while the rest of the farther nodes form a cluster for data transference using Cluster Head. The performance metrics accompanied by heterogeneity, longer network survival and better throughput have been improved. The network field was divided into 4 zones with a gateway for defined region 2, 3, and 4. The criterion for zone division remained on the energy status (residual) of the MSNs and distance from the BS and the formulated field characteristics in the simulation were kept unknown. The obtained results demonstrate that our proposed modified version of EZSE protocol considerably performs better than existing EZ-SEP, Z-SEP, SEP, LEACH, Mod-Leach protocols during entire stability timeframe. The notable achievement is also reported in throughput as the same is enhanced more than  by ~ 39%, 43%, 49% ,56%, 53% while total packets communicated with base station has been increased more than by ~ 127%, 131%, 147%, 151%, 148% stability of the network is also improved more than by ~ 37%, 42%, 45%, 49%, 51% with the corresponding increase in the heterogeneity of networks

Niewyjaśniona niewydolność serca u 14-miesięcznego dziecka

Endocardial fibroelastosis is a cardiomyopathy rarely seen in the present age. Here, we report a case of 14-months-old baby who presented with failure to thrive, sweating while feeding, a dilated left ventricle, and left ventricular dysfunction. Chest x-ray revealed cardiomegaly with pulmonary venous hypertension. Electrocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy with strain pattern. Echocardiogram revealed dilated left ventricle with severe systolic dysfunction which was labelled as endocardial fibroelastosis. As there were no associated lesions, it was labelled as primary endocardial fibroelastosis (pEFE). The baby was managed conservatively. Here, we would like to highlight the fact that primary endocardial fibroelastosis (pEFE) can masquerade as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Progressive ventricular dilation and ventricular dysfunction portends poor prognosis, though few of them may be managed with conservative treatment.Fibroelastoza wsierdzia jest kardiomiopatią rzadko występującą w XXI wieku. Przedstawiono przypadek 14-miesięcznegodziecka, u którego stwierdzono upośledzenie rozwoju, pocenie się podczas karmienia, powiększenie i dysfunkcję lewejkomory serca. Badanie radiologiczne klatki piersiowej ujawniło kardiomegalię z tętniczym nadciśnieniem płucnym.W elektrokardiogramie stwierdzono zmiany typowe dla przerostu lewej komory serca. Badanie echokardiograficzne uwidoczniłoposzerzoną lewą komorę z ciężką dysfunkcją skurczową, co wskazywało na fibroelastozę wsierdzia. W związkuz tym, że nie stwierdzono innych zmian, uznano, że jest to pierwotna (idiopatyczna) fibroelastoza wsierdzia (pEFE). Zastosowanoleczenie zachowawcze. Należy podkreślić, że pEFE może imitować idiopatyczną kardiomiopatię rozstrzeniową.Postępujące powiększanie się lewej komory i nasilanie się jej dysfunkcji wiążą się ze złym rokowaniem, choć niektóretakie przypadki poddają się leczeniu zachowawczemu

Zastosowanie techniki BaLloon Assisted Sliding and Tracking of GuideLiner (BLAST-G) do skutecznego umieszczenia stentu w zwapniałej zmianie o krętym przebiegu — opis przypadku

GuideLiner (Vascular Solutions Inc., USA), GuideZila (Boston Scientific, USA) and Heartrail (Terumo, Japan) are the guide extension or mother-in-child catheters, which enhances guide support and therefore ease device delivery in tortuous, calcified vessels. In cases when the GuideLiner catheter cannot be advanced even with balloon anchoring technique, we slided the GuideLiner over inflated semi-compliant at medium pressure, facilitating its tracking over the workhorse wire through tortuous and balloon anchoring technique. Here, we describe a technique called BaLloon Assisted Sliding and Tracking of GuideLiner (BLAST-G) to successfully deliver the stent in proximal left anterior descending artery in a 73-year-old female patient suffering from chronic stable angina.GuideLiner (Vascular Solutions Inc., USA), GuideZila (Boston Scientific, USA) i Heartrail (Terumo, Japan) to cewniki prowadzące typu “mother in child” zapewniające mocne podparcie i tym samym ułatwiające wprowadzenie narzędzi przez kręte, zwapniałe naczynia. W przypadkach, kiedy nie można wprowadzić cewnika GuideLiner, nawet przy użyciu balonu kotwiczącego, autorzy wsuwają cewnik GuideLiner po napełnionym balonie półpodatnym (semi-compliant), używając średniego ciśnienia napełnienia balonu, co ułatwia jego wsuwanie po standardowym prowadniku przez kręte naczynia i stosowanie techniki balonu kotwiczącego. W niniejszym artykule opisano zastosowanie techniki zwanej BaLloon Assisted Sliding and Tracking of GuideLiner (BLAST-G) w celu skutecznego umieszczenia stentu w proksymalnym odcinku tętnicy przedniej zstępującej u 73-letniej chorej z przewlekłą stabilną chorobą niedokrwienną

Sensitive detection of Nitrogen Dioxide using gold nanoparticles decorated Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could enhance their surface and electric properties. To this purpose, we explore the impact of a thin layer of gold (Au) on the surface of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). SWCNTs have been grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method and decorated with gold nanoparticles were investigated as gas sensitive materials for detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at room temperature. Surface morphology and microstructure of Au-SWCNT have been characterized by FE-SEM and Raman Spectroscopy. Using the present collective approaches, the improvement in the detection of NO2 gas using Au-modified nanotubes is explained. However, Au-modified SWCNT gas sensors exhibited better performances compared to pristine SWCNTs. These changes in resistance and the shift of the Fermi level just after NO2 exposure was probably due to adsorption of NO2 molecules on the surface of Au-SWCNTs. Surface modification of nanotubes with understanding of sensing ability at atomic level opens the new way to design a selectivity gas sensor

Zastosowanie niepodatnych balonów techniką hugging balloons do skutecznego rozprężenia stentu po niepowodzeniu rutynowej przezskórnej śródnaczyniowej angioplastyki tętnic wieńcowych

A small portion of lesions are refractory even when very high pressures are used to deploy the stent. Here, we report a 7-years old boy referred for evaluation of refractory hypertension. There was a bruit on auscultation on the back in lumber region. Renal angiogram revealed bilateral renal artery stenosis. Right and left renal arteries were stented with 7x23 mm and 7x19 mm Hippocampus bare metal stent (Medtronic, USA). Despite delivering stent in left renal artery at 10 atm pressure, it didn’t open up properly. We successfully attempted the technique of hugging balloons or two noncompliant balloons- 4x10 mm each, inflated simultaneously side by side at 20 atm to successfully dilate the stent. This technique enables success as the geometry of two kissing balloons is different from one balloon. This altered geometric configuration may be important in successfully dilating a stent refractory to standard dilating techniques. Higher pressures can be attained with two smaller balloons as the burst pressure is higher in smaller balloons compared to larger balloons.W przypadku niewielkiego odsetka zmian nie udaje się poszerzyć światła naczynia nawet po zastosowaniu bardzo wysokiegociśnienia do rozprężenia stentu. Autorzy przedstawili przypadek 7-letniego chłopca skierowanego do ich ośrodkaw celu oceny nadciśnienia tętniczego opornego. W badaniu osłuchowym stwierdzono szmer w okolicy lędźwiowej. Angiogramtętnic nerkowych uwidocznił dwustronne zwężenie tętnic nerkowych. W prawej i lewej tętnicy nerkowej założonostenty niepowlekane Hippocampus 7 × 23 mm i 7 × 19 mm (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, Stany Zjednoczone). Mimowprowadzenia stentu do lewej tętnicy nerkowej i zastosowania ciśnienia 10 atm nie udało się całkowicie rozprężyć stentu.Zastosowano więc z powodzeniem technikę hugging balloons. Polegała ona na wykorzystaniu dwóch niepodatnychbalonów, każdy o rozmiarze 4 × 10 mm, i jednoczesnym napełnieniu ich pod ciśnieniem 20 atm w celu całkowitegorozprężenia stentu. Ta technika umożliwia powodzenie zabiegu, ponieważ geometria dwóch wprowadzonych jednocześniebalonów (kissing ballons) jest inna niż w przypadku użycia jednego balonu. Zmieniona konfiguracja geometrycznamoże mieć istotne znaczenie dla skutecznego rozprężenia stentu w przypadku niepowodzenia standardowych technikrozprężania. W przypadku użycia dwóch mniejszych balonów można uzyskać wyższe ciśnienie, ponieważ ciśnienie rozrywające jest wyższe w przypadku mniejszych balonów

Bronchiectasis in India:results from the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration (EMBARC) and Respiratory Research Network of India Registry

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is a common but neglected chronic lung disease. Most epidemiological data are limited to cohorts from Europe and the USA, with few data from low-income and middle-income countries. We therefore aimed to describe the characteristics, severity of disease, microbiology, and treatment of patients with bronchiectasis in India. METHODS: The Indian bronchiectasis registry is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Adult patients ( 6518 years) with CT-confirmed bronchiectasis were enrolled from 31 centres across India. Patients with bronchiectasis due to cystic fibrosis or traction bronchiectasis associated with another respiratory disorder were excluded. Data were collected at baseline (recruitment) with follow-up visits taking place once per year. Comprehensive clinical data were collected through the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration registry platform. Underlying aetiology of bronchiectasis, as well as treatment and risk factors for bronchiectasis were analysed in the Indian bronchiectasis registry. Comparisons of demographics were made with published European and US registries, and quality of care was benchmarked against the 2017 European Respiratory Society guidelines. FINDINGS: From June 1, 2015, to Sept 1, 2017, 2195 patients were enrolled. Marked differences were observed between India, Europe, and the USA. Patients in India were younger (median age 56 years [IQR 41-66] vs the European and US registries; p<0\ub70001]) and more likely to be men (1249 [56\ub79%] of 2195). Previous tuberculosis (780 [35\ub75%] of 2195) was the most frequent underlying cause of bronchiectasis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism in sputum culture (301 [13\ub77%]) in India. Risk factors for exacerbations included being of the male sex (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1\ub717, 95% CI 1\ub703-1\ub732; p=0\ub7015), P aeruginosa infection (1\ub729, 1\ub710-1\ub750; p=0\ub7001), a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (1\ub720, 1\ub707-1\ub734; p=0\ub7002), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea score (1\ub732, 1\ub725-1\ub739; p<0\ub70001), daily sputum production (1\ub716, 1\ub703-1\ub730; p=0\ub7013), and radiological severity of disease (1\ub703, 1\ub701-1\ub704; p<0\ub70001). Low adherence to guideline-recommended care was observed; only 388 patients were tested for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and 82 patients had been tested for immunoglobulins. INTERPRETATION: Patients with bronchiectasis in India have more severe disease and have distinct characteristics from those reported in other countries. This study provides a benchmark to improve quality of care for patients with bronchiectasis in India. FUNDING: EU/European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations Innovative Medicines Initiative inhaled Antibiotics in Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis Consortium, European Respiratory Society, and the British Lung Foundation