A quick and selective rhodamine based “smart probe” for “signal-on” optical detection of Cu²⁺ and Al³⁺ in water, cell imaging, computational studies and solid state analysis

A novel rhodamine hydrazone 1 has been synthesized by the condensation of rhodamine B hydrazide with allylsalicylaldehyde and has been fully characterized using various physicochemical techniques including single crystal XRD. Probe 1 can detect Cu2+ and Al3+ ions in aqueous media and displays a turn-on response in absorbance with a high degree of selectivity amongst other common interfering analytes. Al3+ ions lead to fluorescence enhancementby the opening of the spirolactum ring resulting in chelation enhanced fluorescence. DFT and TDDFT calculations support the experimental results. The 1-Al3+ ensemble acts as secondary sensor for pyrophosphate anion due to metal ion induced decomplexation resulting in a low detection limit. Probe 1 can be utilized for bio imaging and displays morphological transformations from crystalline to amorphous state with associated color changes due to mechanical switching. In the solid state, probe 1 displays distinct color changes with emission at different wavelengths in particular Al3+ and Hg2+result in a red shift of the CIE-diagram. While the band gap of probe 1can be tuned from 2.08 eV to 1.60 eV.Probe 1 meets many real-world-challenges in that it is prepared using simple synthetic methods, produces fast and distinct response towards multiple-ions, observed by the “naked eye” in solution and on a TLC plate, and can be exploited for binary data storage

Clinical Use of Mood Stabilizers With Antidepressants in Asia Report From the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants (REAP-AD) Projects in 2004 and 2013

Abstract Objective: As most reports concerning treatment with combinations of mood stabilizer (MS) with antidepressant (AD) drugs are based in the West, we surveyed characteristics of such cotreatment in 42 sites caring for the mentally ill in 10 Asian countries. Methods: This cross-sectional, pharmacoepidemiologic study used 2004 and 2013 data from the REAP-AD (Research Study on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants) to evaluate the rates and doses of MSs given with ADs and associated factors in 4164 psychiatric patients, using standard bivariate methods followed by multivariable logistic regression modeling. Results: Use of MS + AD increased by 104% (5.5% to 11.2%) between 2004 and 2013 and was much more associated with diagnosis of bipolar disorder than major depression or anxiety disorder, as well as with hospitalization > outpatient care, psychiatric > general-medical programs, and young age (all P < 0.001), but not with country, sex, or AD dose. Conclusions: The findings provide a broad picture of contemporary use of MSs with ADs in Asia, support predictions that such treatment increased in recent years, and was associated with diagnosis of bipolar disorder, treatment in inpatient and psychiatric settings, and younger age