Structural and functional studies of human protein stanniocalcina-1, a new microenvironmental marker of leukemia

Orientadores: Jorg Kobarg, Jose Andres YunesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Staniocalcinas (STCs) representam uma pequena família de hormônios glicoprotéicos, encontrados em todos os vertebrados e composta por STC1 e STC2, que foram inicialmente implicados na homeostase de cálcio e recentemente também foram implicados em vários outros processos. Stanniocalcina-1 (STC1), o primeiro membro encontrado, foi originalmente descoberto em peixes ósseos e posteriormente identificado em humanos onde parece ter um papel, embora ainda obscuro, na carcinogênese e angiogênese. Nos seres humanos STC1 pode ser encontrado em duas formas: um dímero ou um grupo de variantes de alto peso molecular coletivamente chamados bigSTC. Uma vez que ambas as células leucêmicas e os tumores sólidos dependem vascularização, a angiogênese é um passo fundamental na interação tumorhospedeiro e essencial para a progressão do câncer. Análises prévias de microarray resultaram na identificação de vários genes ativados em células endoteliais da medula óssea (BMEC) modulados pela presença de células leucêmicas. Apresentamos aqui STC1 como um marcador microambiente de medula óssea (BMM) durante leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) pela validação dos dados prévios de microarray através de PCR em tempo real quantitativos. Em vista da falta de informações funcionais e estruturais sobre STC1 realizamos: (1) um screen no sistema de duplo híbrido em levedura, a fim de encontrar algumas das proteínas que interagem com a STC1 humana, e (2) uma caracterização estrutural inicial à baixa resolução desta proteína. Fomos capazes de construir um mapa interação proteína-proteína, obtido a partir dos 22 interactantes encontrados em screen de duplo híbrido em levedura. As proteínas encontradas apresentam-se em vários compartimentos celulares nos quais STC1 já foi demonstrada para estar presente, e essas novas informações podem ajudar a esclarecer como e qual o papel STC1 desempenha nesses locais. A fim de fornecer informação estrutural sobre STC1, realizamos análises bioquímicas e estruturais da proteína recombinante STC1 com 6xHis tag produzida em células de inseto utilizando o sistema baculovírus. A análise de dicroísmo circular confirmou a predição in silico do elevado conteúdo de alfa-helices. A análise por espectrometria de massas forneceu os dados experimentais que confirmaram o padrão conservado de pontes dissulfeto anteriormente descrito para STC1 de peixes. Finalmente, os dados de espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo demonstraram que, STC1 adota uma estrutura dimérica, ligeiramente alongada em solução fornecendo deste modo os primeiros dados estruturais à baixa resolução desta família de proteínas. Além disso, foi possível obter proteína suficiente e de elevado grau de pureza para realizar ensaios cristalização que resultaram em cristais os quais difrataram a boa resolução.Abstract: Staniocalcins (STCs) represent a small family of glycoprotein hormones found in all vertebrates composed by STC1 and STC2, which have been initially implicated in calcium homeostasis and also recently implicated in several other processes. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), the first member found, was originally discovered in bony fishes and later identified in humans were it seems to have a role, although still unclear, in carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. In humans STC1 can be found in two forms: a dimer or a group of higher molecular weigh variants collectively called bigSTC. Since both leukemic cells and solid tumors depend on vascularization, angiogenesis is a fundamental step in tumor-host interaction and essential to the cancer progression. Previous microarray analysis resulted in the identification of several activated genes in bone marrow (BM) endothelial cells (BMEC) modulated by presence of leukemic cells. Here we present STC1 as a BM microenvironment marker during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by validating previous microarray data by quantitative RealTime-PCR. In view of the lack of functional and structural information on STC1 we performed (1) a yeast two hybrid screen in order to find some of the human STC1 interacting proteins and (2) a initial structural lowresolution characterization of this protein. We were able to construct a protein-protein interaction map, derived from the 22 interactants found in our yeast two-hybrid screen. The proteins found are located in several cellular compartments in which STC1 has already been shown to be present, and the new information might help to clarify how and which role it performs at these sites. As a means to provide structural information about STC1, we performed biochemical and structural analyses of recombinant STC1 6xHis tagged protein produced in insect cells by using the baculovirus system. Circular dichroism analysis confirmed the in silico predicted high alpha-helical content. By mass spectroscopy analysis we provided experimental data that confirmed the conserved disulfide pattern previously described for fish STC1. Finally Small Angle X-ray Scattering data demonstrated that STC1 adopts a dimeric, slightly elongated structure in solution, providing there by the first low resolution structural data of this family of proteins. Additionally, we could obtain enough protein of high purity to perform crystallization trials that resulted in crystals diffracting at good resolution.DoutoradoBioquimicaDoutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecula

MagC is a NplC/P60‐like member of the α‐2‐macroglobulin Mag complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that interacts with peptidoglycan

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Architecture and genomic arrangement of the MurE–MurF bacterial cell wall biosynthesis complex

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a central component of the bacterial cell wall, and the disruption of its biosynthetic pathway has been a successful antibacterial strategy for decades. PG biosynthesis is initiated in the cytoplasm through sequential reactions catalyzed by Mur enzymes that have been suggested to associate into a multimembered complex. This idea is supported by the observation that in many eubacteria, mur genes are present in a single operon within the well conserved dcw cluster, and in some cases, pairs of mur genes are fused to encode a single, chimeric polypeptide. We performed a vast genomic analysis using >140 bacterial genomes and mapped Mur chimeras in numerous phyla, with Proteobacteria carrying the highest number. MurE–MurF, the most prevalent chimera, exists in forms that are either directly associated or separated by a linker. The crystal structure of the MurE–MurF chimera from Bordetella pertussis reveals a head-to-tail, elongated architecture supported by an interconnecting hydrophobic patch that stabilizes the positions of the two proteins. Fluorescence polarization assays reveal that MurE–MurF interacts with other Mur ligases via its central domains with K D s in the high nanomolar range, backing the existence of a Mur complex in the cytoplasm. These data support the idea of stronger evolutionary constraints on gene order when encoded proteins are intended for association, establish a link between Mur ligase interaction, complex assembly and genome evolution, and shed light on regulatory mechanisms of protein expression and stability in pathways of critical importance for bacterial survival

Complex Formation between Mur Enzymes from Streptococcus pneumoniae

International audiencePeptidoglycan is one of the major components of the bacterial cell wall, being responsible for shape and stability. Due to its essential nature, its biosynthetic pathway is the target for major antibiotics, and proteins involved in its biosynthesis continue to be targeted for inhibitor studies. The biosynthesis of its major building block, Lipid II, is initiated in the bacterial cytoplasm with the sequential reactions catalyzed by Mur enzymes, which have been suggested to form a multiprotein complex to facilitate shuttling of the building blocks toward the inner membrane. In this work, we purified MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, and MurG from the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and characterized their interactions using chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and microscale thermophoresis. Mur ligases interact strongly as binary complexes, with interaction regions mapping mostly to loop regions. Interestingly, MurC, MurD, and MurE display 10-fold higher affinity for each other than for MurF and MurG, suggesting that Mur ligases that catalyze the initial reactions in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway could form a subcomplex that could be important to facilitate Lipid II biosynthesis. The interface between Mur proteins could represent a yet unexplored target for new inhibitor studies that could lead to the development of novel antimicrobials

A Structural Snapshot of Type II Pilus Formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

International audiencePili are fibrous appendages expressed on the surface of a vast number of bacterial species, and their role in surface adhesion is important for processes such as infection, colonization, andbiofilm formation. The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses two different types of pili, PI-1 and PI-2, both of which require the concerted action of structural proteins and sortases for their polymerization. The type PI-1 streptococcal pilus is a complex, well studied structure, but the PI-2 type, present in a number of invasive pneumococcal serotypes, has to date remained less well understood. The PI-2 pilus consists of repeated units of a single protein, PitB, whose covalent association is catalyzed by cognate sortase SrtG-1 and partner protein SipA. Here we report the high resolution crystal structures of PitB and SrtG1 and use molecular modeling to visualize a "trapped" 1:1 complex between the two molecules. X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy reveal that the pneumococcal PI-2 backbone fiber is formed by PitB monomers associated in head-to-tail fashion and that short, flexible fibers can be formed even in the absence of coadjuvant proteins. These observations, obtained with a simple pilus biosynthetic system, are likely to be applicable to other fiber formation processes in a variety of Gram-positive organisms

Assembly of an atypical α-macroglobulin complex from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract Alpha-2-macroglobulins (A2Ms) are large spectrum protease inhibitors that are major components of the eukaryotic immune system. Pathogenic and colonizing bacteria, such as the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also carry structural homologs of eukaryotic A2Ms. Two types of bacterial A2Ms have been identified: Type I, much like the eukaryotic form, displays a conserved thioester that is essential for protease targeting, and Type II, which lacks the thioester and to date has been poorly studied despite its ubiquitous presence in Gram-negatives. Here we show that MagD, the Type II A2M from P. aeruginosa that is expressed within the six-gene mag operon, specifically traps a target protease despite the absence of the thioester motif, comforting its role in protease inhibition. In addition, analytical ultracentrifugation and small angle scattering show that MagD forms higher order complexes with proteins expressed in the same operon (MagA, MagB, and MagF), with MagB playing the key stabilization role. A P. aeruginosa strain lacking magB cannot stably maintain MagD in the bacterial periplasm, engendering complex disruption. This suggests a regulated mechanism of Mag complex formation and stabilization that is potentially common to numerous Gram-negative organisms, and that plays a role in periplasm protection from proteases during infection or colonization

Molecular architecture of the PBP2–MreC core bacterial cell wall synthesis complex

Bacterial wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires the coordination of multiple enzymes. Here, the authors structurally characterize the PBP2:MreC complex involved in peptidoglycan elongation and cross-linking, and demonstrate that its disruption leads to loss of H. pylori shape and inability to sustain growth

Self-association of MreC as a regulatory signal in bacterial cell wall elongation

International audienceAbstract The elongasome, or Rod system, is a protein complex that controls cell wall formation in rod-shaped bacteria. MreC is a membrane-associated elongasome component that co-localizes with the cytoskeletal element MreB and regulates the activity of cell wall biosynthesis enzymes, in a process that may be dependent on MreC self-association. Here, we use electron cryo-microscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of a self-associated form of MreC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in atomic detail. MreC monomers interact in head-to-tail fashion. Longitudinal and lateral interfaces are essential for oligomerization in vitro, and a phylogenetic analysis of proteobacterial MreC sequences indicates the prevalence of the identified interfaces. Our results are consistent with a model where MreC’s ability to alternate between self-association and interaction with the cell wall biosynthesis machinery plays a key role in the regulation of elongasome activity

Merulinic acid C overcomes gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecium

International audienceEnterococci are gram-positive, widespread nosocomial pathogens that in recent years have developed resistance to various commonly employed antibiotics. Since finding new infection-control agents based on secondary metabolites from organisms has proved successful for decades, natural products are potentially useful sources of compounds with activity against enterococci. Herein are reported the results of a natural product library screening based on a whole-cell assay against a gram-positive model organism, which led to the isolation of a series of anacardic acids identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data and by chemical derivatizations. Merulinic acid C was identified as the most active anacardic acid derivative obtained against antibiotic-resistant enterococci. Fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that merulinic acid C targets the bacterial membrane without affecting the peptidoglycan and causes rapid cellular ATP leakage from cells. Merulinic acid C was shown to be synergistic with gentamicin against Enterococcus faecium, indicating that this compound could inspire the development of new antibiotic combinations effective against drug-resistant pathogens