Viability of Pony Stallion Semen in Different Temperature and Dilution

Background: Artificial insemination and transport of cooled semen has been routinely used in equine industry in the past 20 years. However, more investigations are needed regarding the methods for long time storage in pony stallion semen. The effect of dilution and cooling temperature on pH, sperm motility, membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity were investigated before and after cooling of stallion semen.Materials, Methods & Results: Two ejaculates each from nine Brazilian ponies were diluted in a nonbuffered powder milk extender cooled at 5°C or 15°C for 48 h using three different dilutions (1:1, 1:2 or 1:3). Data were assessed by analysis of variance and the rate comparison was performed using the Duncan test. Samples diluted 1:1 at 5oC or 15°C showed higher pH values (7.63 ± 0.34 e 7.57 ± 0.27) and lower progressive motility (10.3 ± 11.05, 17.08 ± 9.95). All samples cooled at 15°C also showed lower incidence of morphologically altered spermatozoa (1:1 = 55.84%; 1:2 = 51.84%; 1:3 = 49.95%) [P < 0.01]. Mitochondrial activity was higher on the 1:3 dilution (0.86 ± 0.19 nm) at 5°C and on the 1:1 (0.89 ± 0.23 nm), 1:2 (0.93 ± 0.2 nm) and 1:3 (0.92 ± 0.2 nm) dilutions at 15°C. Progressive motility was higher when semen was diluted 1:3 and cooled at 15°C (42.22 ± 12.38; P < 0.05). Considering mitochondrial activity, similar results were observed when different dilutions of semen were used (P > 0.05) despite time and temperature. The pH, progressive motility, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity remained similar (P > 0.05) on fresh semen samples independent of the dilution grade used. The best results were obtained when semen was diluted 1:3 and cooled at 15°C. All dilution grades were safe for fresh semen and pH wasincreased when semen was diluted and cooled for 48 h.Discussion: The methodology used to collect and process equine semen and semen from ponies is practically the same. Equine semen when sent for artificial insemination is usually cooled to 5°C. Our results showed that cooling reduces sperm viability, which has also been demonstrated by other studies. In contrast, the best cooling temperature was at 15°C. However, it is easier to keep the temperature at 5°C during transport, due to the large temperature oscillation that may occur during transportation. The semen of ponies can tolerate cooling at both 5 and 15°C. The 1:3 dilution cooled to 15°C provided better viability of pony sperm, and more stable pH during 48 h of cooling. Dilution 1:1 should not be used for cooling in powdered skim milk extender

Buffers in extenders for cooling equine semen

Nesse estudo comparou-se o efeito tamponante do HEPES e Bicarbonato de Sódio em manter o pH e a viabilidade do sêmen resfriado de pôneis da raça Brasileira. As alterações no pH ocasionadas por diferentes diluições com diluente a base de leite desnatado em pó sem tampão a 5 e a 15°C também foram medidas. No experimento 1 avaliou-se o efeito da diluição e da temperatura de resfriamento sobre a motilidade, integridade de membrana, pH e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen pré e pós resfriamento. O sêmen de nove pôneis da raça Brasileira (dois ejaculados/pônei) foi diluído em diluente a base de leite desnatado (em pó) sem tampão e refrigerado a 5 ou 15°C por 48h em três diferentes diluições (1+1, 1+2, 1+3). As três diluições não alteraram os parâmetros avaliados após a diluição a fresco. A diluição 1+1 resultou em valores maiores de pH (7,63 e 7,57, respectivamente) e menor percentual de motilidade progressiva (MP) a 5 e a 15°C. O maior percentual de células íntegras (1+1=44,16; 1+2=48,16; 1+3=50,05) foi detectado a 15°C (P 0,05) em função do tempo e temperatura foi similar entre as diluições. No experimento 2 avaliou-se o efeito tampão do bicarbonato de sódio e do HEPES em diluentes sobre a viabilidade de espermatozoides resfriados a 5°C durante 48h. Os diluentes testados compunham-se de leite desnatado em pó com bicarbonato de sódio (A), HEPES (B) ou diluente sem tampão (C). O sêmen de sete pôneis da raça Brasileira (três ejaculados/pônei) foi utilizado e a motilidade progressiva foi similar entre os diluentes (P > 0,05) após a diluição. Nas 24 e 48h, a MP foi, respectivamente, para A (44,76%; 25,23%), B (51,42%; 38,09%) e C (54,05%; 41,66%). A integridade da membrana plasmática foi similar após a exposição aos três diluentes. A fresco, a atividade mitocondrial foi maior (P 0,05). O pH do diluente e sua osmolaridade, assim como o pH do sêmen diluído foi maior no diluente A (8; 382; 7,9), intermediário (7,5; 362; 7,32) no B e menor no C (7,16; 350; 7,07). A peroxidação lipídica e a indução da peroxidação foram similares em todos os grupos. Sugere-se que, quando da utilização do sêmen a fresco, qualquer das diluições aqui testadas pode ser utilizada com segurança. O resfriamento do sêmen por 48h modifica e eleva o pH do sêmen. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o resfriamento do sêmen a 15°C por 48h e com a diluição 1+3 em um diluente a base de leite em pó desnatado sem tampão. O bicarbonato de sódio (A) reduz a MP e aumenta o pH do sêmen. O diluente sem tampão foi considerado o mais apropriado para uso imediato na IA. Tanto o diluente com HEPES, quanto o diluente sem tampão foram adequados para o resfriamento do sêmen equino a 5°C durante 48h.This study compared the buffering effect of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate on pH and viability of Brazilian pony semen cooled at 5°C. pH changes caused by different dilutions using skim milk powder semen extender without buffer were also measured. In experiment 1, the effect of dilution and cooling temperature on semen motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and pH pre and post cooling was investigated. Ejaculates of nine Brazilian ponies (two ejaculates per pony) were diluted, of a non buffered powder milk extender and cooled at 5°C or 15°C during 48h in three different dilutions (1+1, 1+2 and 1+3). Dilutions did not change the parameters evaluated before cooling. Samples diluted 1+1 resulted in higher pH values (7.63 and 7.57, respectively) and lowest percentage of progressive motility (PM) at 5 and 15°C. All samples cooled at 15°C showed a lower incidence of abnormal spermatozoa (1+1 = 55.84%; 1+2 = 51.84%; 1+3 = 49.95%) (P 0.05) among dilutions. In experiment 2, the buffer effect of sodium bicarbonate and HEPES on extenders were evaluated considering the maintenance of sperm viability after cooling at 5°C during 24 and 48h. A non-buffered milk powder extender (C = control) and the same extender buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate (A) and HEPES (B) was used. Semen from 7 Brazilian ponies (three ejaculates / pony) was used. Immediately after dilution sperm motility was evaluated and progressive motility was similar with all extenders (P > 0.05). At 24 and 48h after cooling at 5oC sperm motility was evaluated, respectively, on groups A (44.76%; 25.23%), B (51.42%; 38.09%) and C (54.05%; 41.66%). Plasma membrane integrity was similar after exposure to the three extenders. Before cooling, mitochondrial activity was higher (P 0.05), respectively. The extenders pH, osmolarity and pH of diluted semen was higher in A (8; 382; 7.9), intermediate in B (7.5; 362; 7.32) and lower in C (7.16; 350; 7.07). Lipid peroxidation and its induction were similar in all groups. It was concluded that all dilution grades in fresh semen were adequate and that pH was affected and increased when semen was extended and cooled for 48h. The best results were observed when semen was diluted at 1+3 and cooled at 15°C for 48h in a non buffered powder milk extender. Sodium bicarbonate (A) reduces progressive motility and increases semen pH. The non buffered (C) semen extender was considered more appropriated for semen dilution for immediate use in artificial insemination. The non buffered and HEPES buffered semen extenders were considered appropriated for cooling equine semen at 5°C during 48h

Buffers in extenders for cooling equine semen

Nesse estudo comparou-se o efeito tamponante do HEPES e Bicarbonato de Sódio em manter o pH e a viabilidade do sêmen resfriado de pôneis da raça Brasileira. As alterações no pH ocasionadas por diferentes diluições com diluente a base de leite desnatado em pó sem tampão a 5 e a 15°C também foram medidas. No experimento 1 avaliou-se o efeito da diluição e da temperatura de resfriamento sobre a motilidade, integridade de membrana, pH e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen pré e pós resfriamento. O sêmen de nove pôneis da raça Brasileira (dois ejaculados/pônei) foi diluído em diluente a base de leite desnatado (em pó) sem tampão e refrigerado a 5 ou 15°C por 48h em três diferentes diluições (1+1, 1+2, 1+3). As três diluições não alteraram os parâmetros avaliados após a diluição a fresco. A diluição 1+1 resultou em valores maiores de pH (7,63 e 7,57, respectivamente) e menor percentual de motilidade progressiva (MP) a 5 e a 15°C. O maior percentual de células íntegras (1+1=44,16; 1+2=48,16; 1+3=50,05) foi detectado a 15°C (P 0,05) em função do tempo e temperatura foi similar entre as diluições. No experimento 2 avaliou-se o efeito tampão do bicarbonato de sódio e do HEPES em diluentes sobre a viabilidade de espermatozoides resfriados a 5°C durante 48h. Os diluentes testados compunham-se de leite desnatado em pó com bicarbonato de sódio (A), HEPES (B) ou diluente sem tampão (C). O sêmen de sete pôneis da raça Brasileira (três ejaculados/pônei) foi utilizado e a motilidade progressiva foi similar entre os diluentes (P > 0,05) após a diluição. Nas 24 e 48h, a MP foi, respectivamente, para A (44,76%; 25,23%), B (51,42%; 38,09%) e C (54,05%; 41,66%). A integridade da membrana plasmática foi similar após a exposição aos três diluentes. A fresco, a atividade mitocondrial foi maior (P 0,05). O pH do diluente e sua osmolaridade, assim como o pH do sêmen diluído foi maior no diluente A (8; 382; 7,9), intermediário (7,5; 362; 7,32) no B e menor no C (7,16; 350; 7,07). A peroxidação lipídica e a indução da peroxidação foram similares em todos os grupos. Sugere-se que, quando da utilização do sêmen a fresco, qualquer das diluições aqui testadas pode ser utilizada com segurança. O resfriamento do sêmen por 48h modifica e eleva o pH do sêmen. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o resfriamento do sêmen a 15°C por 48h e com a diluição 1+3 em um diluente a base de leite em pó desnatado sem tampão. O bicarbonato de sódio (A) reduz a MP e aumenta o pH do sêmen. O diluente sem tampão foi considerado o mais apropriado para uso imediato na IA. Tanto o diluente com HEPES, quanto o diluente sem tampão foram adequados para o resfriamento do sêmen equino a 5°C durante 48h.This study compared the buffering effect of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate on pH and viability of Brazilian pony semen cooled at 5°C. pH changes caused by different dilutions using skim milk powder semen extender without buffer were also measured. In experiment 1, the effect of dilution and cooling temperature on semen motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and pH pre and post cooling was investigated. Ejaculates of nine Brazilian ponies (two ejaculates per pony) were diluted, of a non buffered powder milk extender and cooled at 5°C or 15°C during 48h in three different dilutions (1+1, 1+2 and 1+3). Dilutions did not change the parameters evaluated before cooling. Samples diluted 1+1 resulted in higher pH values (7.63 and 7.57, respectively) and lowest percentage of progressive motility (PM) at 5 and 15°C. All samples cooled at 15°C showed a lower incidence of abnormal spermatozoa (1+1 = 55.84%; 1+2 = 51.84%; 1+3 = 49.95%) (P 0.05) among dilutions. In experiment 2, the buffer effect of sodium bicarbonate and HEPES on extenders were evaluated considering the maintenance of sperm viability after cooling at 5°C during 24 and 48h. A non-buffered milk powder extender (C = control) and the same extender buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate (A) and HEPES (B) was used. Semen from 7 Brazilian ponies (three ejaculates / pony) was used. Immediately after dilution sperm motility was evaluated and progressive motility was similar with all extenders (P > 0.05). At 24 and 48h after cooling at 5oC sperm motility was evaluated, respectively, on groups A (44.76%; 25.23%), B (51.42%; 38.09%) and C (54.05%; 41.66%). Plasma membrane integrity was similar after exposure to the three extenders. Before cooling, mitochondrial activity was higher (P 0.05), respectively. The extenders pH, osmolarity and pH of diluted semen was higher in A (8; 382; 7.9), intermediate in B (7.5; 362; 7.32) and lower in C (7.16; 350; 7.07). Lipid peroxidation and its induction were similar in all groups. It was concluded that all dilution grades in fresh semen were adequate and that pH was affected and increased when semen was extended and cooled for 48h. The best results were observed when semen was diluted at 1+3 and cooled at 15°C for 48h in a non buffered powder milk extender. Sodium bicarbonate (A) reduces progressive motility and increases semen pH. The non buffered (C) semen extender was considered more appropriated for semen dilution for immediate use in artificial insemination. The non buffered and HEPES buffered semen extenders were considered appropriated for cooling equine semen at 5°C during 48h

Buffers and antioxidants in the semen quality of pony stallions

A inseminação artificial é utilizada como uma importante ferramenta para o melhoramento reprodutivo, tanto com sêmen resfriado ou congelado. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo identificar um tampão de pH para resfriamento de sêmen de pôneis por 48 horas a 5°C e 15°C. O efeito de cinco tampões (TES (ácido N-tris (hidroximetil) metil-2-aminoetanosulfônico), PIPES (ácido piperaxín-N,N'-bis(2-etanosulfônico)), BES (ácido N,N-Bis(2-18hidroxietil)-2-aminoetanosulfônico), MES (ácido 4-morfolinoetanosulfônico) e HEPES (ácido N-2-hidroxietilpiperazina-N’-2-etanosulfônico)) foi avaliado em um diluente composto de leite em pó desnatado e glicose. Os testes do diluente com os tampões BES, MES e TES foram conduzidos com o sêmen fresco de oito pôneis e no sêmen resfriado por 48 h a 15°C. Uma amostra de cada grupo foi utilizada para análise da motilidade, pH, osmolaridade, teste hiposmótico, atividade mitocondrial (MTT) e integridade de membrana através das sondas fluorescentes. O pH e a osmolaridade dos diluentes sem o sêmen também foram avaliados. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância e pelo teste de Tukey, quando P < 0.05 foi significante. A osmolaridade do sêmen diluído não variou entre diluentes e foi para o BES 350.91 ± 11.24 mOsm, MES 350.41 ± 11.76 mOsm e TES 350 ± 12.96 mOsm. O pH do sêmen após diluição nos respectivos diluentes variou entre as horas avaliadas (P < 0.05) e não variou com o passar do tempo o que evidencia o efeito tamponante dos diluentes. A osmolaridade dos diluentes foi similar entre os tampões BES (366 ± 5.47 mOsm), MES (370 ± 6.12 mOsm) ou TES (371 ± 5.47 mOsm) a fresco e sem adição de sêmen. Já o pH variou (P < 0.05) de acordo com o tampão. No experimento a 5°C ocorreu decréscimo na porcentagem de motilidade total, progressiva e local do sêmen resfriado após 24 h e 48 h comparado a avaliação a fresco em todos os grupos. No entanto, a porcentagem de espermatozoides móveis a fresco, 24 h e 48 h a 5°C entre tratamentos foi similar. A porcentagem de espermatozoides reativos ao teste hiposmótico, e com atividade mitocondrial não diferiu entre tratamentos. No experimento a 15°C o vigor e motilidade total, progressiva e local foram similares entre os tampões BES, MES e TES em cada período avaliado. A osmolaridade do sêmen diluído não variou entre diluentes e foi para o BES 360.93 ± 10.52 mOsm, MES 361.47 ± 6.79 mOsm e TES 361.56 ± 7.68 mOsm. Devido as características individuais de cada tampão o pH do sêmen diluído variou entre os diluentes com os tampões utilizados. A porcentagem de espermatozoides reativos ao teste hiposmótico, com atividade mitocondrial e membrana intacta observada com CFDA e PI não diferiu entre tratamentos. Evidenciou-se que tanto BES, MES ou TES podem ser utilizados no armazenamento e transporte do sêmen de pôneis durante 48 h a 5°C ou 15°C. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados sobre a qualidade de sêmen de pôneis da raça Brasileira a fresco e após congelamento. Oito pôneis receberam sua dieta convencional não suplementada (grupo controle) ou dieta convencional e 70 g de farinha de alga Schizochytrium sp rica em DHA (grupo PUFA). O efeito da Vitamina E (1 mM, DL-α-tocoferol), adicionada ao diluente de congelamento para sêmen também foi avaliado sobre a qualidade seminal, antes e após o congelamento do sêmen. O sêmen foi coletado a cada 15 dias durante 60 dias. Os garanhões tratados passaram a controle e vice-versa após um intervalo de sessenta dias. O sêmen foi avaliado a fresco e após o congelamento. Motilidade e vigor foram avaliados a fresco. Após o descongelamento motilidade, funcionalidade de membrana, integridade de membrana e análise computadorizada da motilidade foram avaliados. Os valores médios para os parâmetros avaliados a fresco no grupo PUFA e controle foram similares. Os valores médios da motilidade total, progressiva e local, hiposmótico, CFDA/PI e análise computadorizada de sêmen suplementados com DHA e o grupo controle pós-descongelamento não diferiram. A associação da suplementação de DHA e Vitamina E adicionada ao diluente não potencializou a capacidade antioxidante do diluente durante o congelamento. A associação da suplementação de DHA e Vitamina E adicionada ao diluente resultou em diminuição da motilidade total e progressiva comparada ao grupo não suplementado (controle). A suplementação de 70 g de farinha de alga Schizochytrium sp rica em DHA e ou a inclusão de 1 mM de vitamina E ao diluente de congelamento de sêmen em pôneis da raça Brasileira não foi eficiente para promover melhoria na viabilidade seminal após a coleta ou mesmo após o congelamento.Artificial insemination with cooled and frozen semen is an important tool for breeding industry. The first experiment aimed to identify a pH buffer for cooling semen of ponies for 48 h at 5°C and 15°C. The effect of five buffers (TES (N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), PIPES (piperaxin-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid)), BES (N, N-Bis (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid)) was evaluated in a extender composed of skimm milk powder and glucose. Analysis with the BES, MES and TES buffers were performed in fresh semen of eight ponies and in cooled semen for 48 h at 15°C. A sample from each group was used for analysis of motility, pH, osmolarity, hyposmotic test, mitochondrial activity (MTT) and membrane integrity through fluorescent probes. The pH and osmolarity of the extenders without semen were also evaluated. Data were assessed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test, when P <0.05 was considered significant. Osmolarity of the diluted semen did not differ between extenders and was for BES 350.91 ± 11.24 mOsm, MES 350.41 ± 11.76 mOsm and TES 350 ± 12.96 mOsm. The pH of the semen after dilution in the respective extenders varied between the hours (P <0.05) and did not change over time as evidenced by the buffering effect of the extenders. Extender osmolarity was similar between BES (366 ± 5.47 mOsm), MES (370 ± 6.12 mOsm) or TES (371 ± 5.47 mOsm) buffers after dilution and without addition of semen. The pH varied (P <0.05) according to the buffer. In the experiment at 5°C all treatments showed a decrease in the percentage of total, progressive and local motility of the cooled semen after 24 h and 48 h compared to the fresh. However, in the percentage of motile sperm to fresh, 24 h and 48 h at 5°C between treatments was similar. Percentage of spermatozoa reactive to the hyposmotic test, and with mitochondrial activity did not differ between treatments. In the experiment at 15°C total, progressive and local vigor and motility were similar between BES, MES and TES buffers in each period. Osmolarity of the diluted semen did not differ between extenders and was for BES 360.93 ± 10.52 mOsm, MES 361.47 ± 6.79 mOsm and TES 361.56 ± 7.68 mOsm. Due to the individual characteristics of each buffer, diluted semen pH varied between the extenders with the buffers used. Percentage of spermatozoa reactive to the hyposmotic test, with mitochondrial activity and intact membrane observed with CFDA and PI did not differ between treatments. We concluded that BES, MES or TES can be used in the storage and transport of ponies semen for 48 h at 5°C or 15°C. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in the fresh and after freezing semen of Brazilian ponies. Eight ponies received their conventional diet (control group) or conventional diet and 70 g of DHA-rich Schizochytrium sp algae meal (PUFA group). The effect of Vitamin E (1 mM, DL-α-tocopherol) added to the freezing diluent for semen was also evaluated on seminal quality, before and after freezing. Semen was collected every 15 days during 60 days. Stallions were reversed in treatments after an interval of sixty days. Semen was evaluated fresh and after freezing. Motility and vigor were estimated in the fresh semen. After thawing motility, membrane functionality, membrane integrity and computed motility analysis were evaluated. Mean values for fresh parameters evaluated in the PUFA and control groups were similar. Mean values of total, progressive and local motility, hyposmotic, CFDA/PI and computerized analysis of semen supplemented with DHA and post-thaw control group did not differ. The combination of DHA and Vitamin E supplementation added to the diluent did not potentiate the antioxidant capacity of the diluent during freezing and resulted in decreased total and progressive motility compared to the non-supplemented group. Supplementation of 70 g of DHA-rich microalgae Schizochytrium sp and the addition of 1 mM vitamin E to the semen freezing diluent in Brazilian ponies was not efficient to promote improvement in seminal viability after collection or even after freezing

Buffers and antioxidants in the semen quality of pony stallions

A inseminação artificial é utilizada como uma importante ferramenta para o melhoramento reprodutivo, tanto com sêmen resfriado ou congelado. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo identificar um tampão de pH para resfriamento de sêmen de pôneis por 48 horas a 5°C e 15°C. O efeito de cinco tampões (TES (ácido N-tris (hidroximetil) metil-2-aminoetanosulfônico), PIPES (ácido piperaxín-N,N'-bis(2-etanosulfônico)), BES (ácido N,N-Bis(2-18hidroxietil)-2-aminoetanosulfônico), MES (ácido 4-morfolinoetanosulfônico) e HEPES (ácido N-2-hidroxietilpiperazina-N’-2-etanosulfônico)) foi avaliado em um diluente composto de leite em pó desnatado e glicose. Os testes do diluente com os tampões BES, MES e TES foram conduzidos com o sêmen fresco de oito pôneis e no sêmen resfriado por 48 h a 15°C. Uma amostra de cada grupo foi utilizada para análise da motilidade, pH, osmolaridade, teste hiposmótico, atividade mitocondrial (MTT) e integridade de membrana através das sondas fluorescentes. O pH e a osmolaridade dos diluentes sem o sêmen também foram avaliados. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância e pelo teste de Tukey, quando P < 0.05 foi significante. A osmolaridade do sêmen diluído não variou entre diluentes e foi para o BES 350.91 ± 11.24 mOsm, MES 350.41 ± 11.76 mOsm e TES 350 ± 12.96 mOsm. O pH do sêmen após diluição nos respectivos diluentes variou entre as horas avaliadas (P < 0.05) e não variou com o passar do tempo o que evidencia o efeito tamponante dos diluentes. A osmolaridade dos diluentes foi similar entre os tampões BES (366 ± 5.47 mOsm), MES (370 ± 6.12 mOsm) ou TES (371 ± 5.47 mOsm) a fresco e sem adição de sêmen. Já o pH variou (P < 0.05) de acordo com o tampão. No experimento a 5°C ocorreu decréscimo na porcentagem de motilidade total, progressiva e local do sêmen resfriado após 24 h e 48 h comparado a avaliação a fresco em todos os grupos. No entanto, a porcentagem de espermatozoides móveis a fresco, 24 h e 48 h a 5°C entre tratamentos foi similar. A porcentagem de espermatozoides reativos ao teste hiposmótico, e com atividade mitocondrial não diferiu entre tratamentos. No experimento a 15°C o vigor e motilidade total, progressiva e local foram similares entre os tampões BES, MES e TES em cada período avaliado. A osmolaridade do sêmen diluído não variou entre diluentes e foi para o BES 360.93 ± 10.52 mOsm, MES 361.47 ± 6.79 mOsm e TES 361.56 ± 7.68 mOsm. Devido as características individuais de cada tampão o pH do sêmen diluído variou entre os diluentes com os tampões utilizados. A porcentagem de espermatozoides reativos ao teste hiposmótico, com atividade mitocondrial e membrana intacta observada com CFDA e PI não diferiu entre tratamentos. Evidenciou-se que tanto BES, MES ou TES podem ser utilizados no armazenamento e transporte do sêmen de pôneis durante 48 h a 5°C ou 15°C. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados sobre a qualidade de sêmen de pôneis da raça Brasileira a fresco e após congelamento. Oito pôneis receberam sua dieta convencional não suplementada (grupo controle) ou dieta convencional e 70 g de farinha de alga Schizochytrium sp rica em DHA (grupo PUFA). O efeito da Vitamina E (1 mM, DL-α-tocoferol), adicionada ao diluente de congelamento para sêmen também foi avaliado sobre a qualidade seminal, antes e após o congelamento do sêmen. O sêmen foi coletado a cada 15 dias durante 60 dias. Os garanhões tratados passaram a controle e vice-versa após um intervalo de sessenta dias. O sêmen foi avaliado a fresco e após o congelamento. Motilidade e vigor foram avaliados a fresco. Após o descongelamento motilidade, funcionalidade de membrana, integridade de membrana e análise computadorizada da motilidade foram avaliados. Os valores médios para os parâmetros avaliados a fresco no grupo PUFA e controle foram similares. Os valores médios da motilidade total, progressiva e local, hiposmótico, CFDA/PI e análise computadorizada de sêmen suplementados com DHA e o grupo controle pós-descongelamento não diferiram. A associação da suplementação de DHA e Vitamina E adicionada ao diluente não potencializou a capacidade antioxidante do diluente durante o congelamento. A associação da suplementação de DHA e Vitamina E adicionada ao diluente resultou em diminuição da motilidade total e progressiva comparada ao grupo não suplementado (controle). A suplementação de 70 g de farinha de alga Schizochytrium sp rica em DHA e ou a inclusão de 1 mM de vitamina E ao diluente de congelamento de sêmen em pôneis da raça Brasileira não foi eficiente para promover melhoria na viabilidade seminal após a coleta ou mesmo após o congelamento.Artificial insemination with cooled and frozen semen is an important tool for breeding industry. The first experiment aimed to identify a pH buffer for cooling semen of ponies for 48 h at 5°C and 15°C. The effect of five buffers (TES (N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), PIPES (piperaxin-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid)), BES (N, N-Bis (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid)) was evaluated in a extender composed of skimm milk powder and glucose. Analysis with the BES, MES and TES buffers were performed in fresh semen of eight ponies and in cooled semen for 48 h at 15°C. A sample from each group was used for analysis of motility, pH, osmolarity, hyposmotic test, mitochondrial activity (MTT) and membrane integrity through fluorescent probes. The pH and osmolarity of the extenders without semen were also evaluated. Data were assessed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test, when P <0.05 was considered significant. Osmolarity of the diluted semen did not differ between extenders and was for BES 350.91 ± 11.24 mOsm, MES 350.41 ± 11.76 mOsm and TES 350 ± 12.96 mOsm. The pH of the semen after dilution in the respective extenders varied between the hours (P <0.05) and did not change over time as evidenced by the buffering effect of the extenders. Extender osmolarity was similar between BES (366 ± 5.47 mOsm), MES (370 ± 6.12 mOsm) or TES (371 ± 5.47 mOsm) buffers after dilution and without addition of semen. The pH varied (P <0.05) according to the buffer. In the experiment at 5°C all treatments showed a decrease in the percentage of total, progressive and local motility of the cooled semen after 24 h and 48 h compared to the fresh. However, in the percentage of motile sperm to fresh, 24 h and 48 h at 5°C between treatments was similar. Percentage of spermatozoa reactive to the hyposmotic test, and with mitochondrial activity did not differ between treatments. In the experiment at 15°C total, progressive and local vigor and motility were similar between BES, MES and TES buffers in each period. Osmolarity of the diluted semen did not differ between extenders and was for BES 360.93 ± 10.52 mOsm, MES 361.47 ± 6.79 mOsm and TES 361.56 ± 7.68 mOsm. Due to the individual characteristics of each buffer, diluted semen pH varied between the extenders with the buffers used. Percentage of spermatozoa reactive to the hyposmotic test, with mitochondrial activity and intact membrane observed with CFDA and PI did not differ between treatments. We concluded that BES, MES or TES can be used in the storage and transport of ponies semen for 48 h at 5°C or 15°C. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in the fresh and after freezing semen of Brazilian ponies. Eight ponies received their conventional diet (control group) or conventional diet and 70 g of DHA-rich Schizochytrium sp algae meal (PUFA group). The effect of Vitamin E (1 mM, DL-α-tocopherol) added to the freezing diluent for semen was also evaluated on seminal quality, before and after freezing. Semen was collected every 15 days during 60 days. Stallions were reversed in treatments after an interval of sixty days. Semen was evaluated fresh and after freezing. Motility and vigor were estimated in the fresh semen. After thawing motility, membrane functionality, membrane integrity and computed motility analysis were evaluated. Mean values for fresh parameters evaluated in the PUFA and control groups were similar. Mean values of total, progressive and local motility, hyposmotic, CFDA/PI and computerized analysis of semen supplemented with DHA and post-thaw control group did not differ. The combination of DHA and Vitamin E supplementation added to the diluent did not potentiate the antioxidant capacity of the diluent during freezing and resulted in decreased total and progressive motility compared to the non-supplemented group. Supplementation of 70 g of DHA-rich microalgae Schizochytrium sp and the addition of 1 mM vitamin E to the semen freezing diluent in Brazilian ponies was not efficient to promote improvement in seminal viability after collection or even after freezing

Bicarbonato de sódio e HEPES como tampões para o resfrigeração de sêmen de pôneis

The composition of semen diluents can modify its viability during cooling. The buffering effects of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate were evaluated considering the pH and sperm viability. The semen of seven adult Brazilian ponies was evaluated before and after cooling at 5oC for 24 h and 48 h. A non-buffered skim milk powder extender (C) and the same extender buffered with sodium bicarbonate (SB) and HEPES (H) were used. After dilution, semen (three ejaculates/pony) was centrifuged and the seminal plasma discarded. Sperm was then diluted with SB, H or C and its concentration adjusted to 50 x 106 sptz/mL. Progressive motility evaluated after dilution showed similar results with all extenders (71.42% (SB), 74.28% (H), and 74.52% (C)). Sperm motility was evaluated 24 h and 48 h after cooling for SB (44.76% and 25.23%), H (51.42% and 38.09%) and C (54.05% and 41.66%, respectively). Plasma membrane integrity was similar after exposure to the three extenders (62.71% (SB), 68.76% (H), and 69.23% (C)). Mitochondrial activity was higher in SB immediately after dilution (SB= 1.05nm, H= 0.81nm, C= 0.79nm), and after 24 h (0.83nm (SB), 0.73nm (H) and 0.64nm (C)). After 48 h, the mitochondrial activity decreased to 0.72nm (SB), 0.69nm (H), and 0.63nm (C) (P > 0.05). The pH, osmolarity and pH after 48 h of cooling of the diluted semen were higher in SB (8; 382; 7.9), intermediate in H (7.5; 362; 7.32) and lower in C (7.16; 350; 7.07). Lipid peroxidation and its induction were similar in all groups. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan’s test was used to evaluate the significant differences (P 0.05). O pH, a osmolaridade e o pH do sêmen diluído após as 48 h de refrigeração foram maiores em SB (8; 382; 7,9), intermediário em H (7,5; 362; 7,32) e menor em C (7,16; 350; 7,07). A peroxidação lipídica e sua indução foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. As médias foram avaliadas através de análise de variância (ANOVA) e o Teste Duncan foi utilizado para analisar as diferenças significativas (P < 0.05). O bicarbonato de sódio reduziu a motilidade progressiva e aumentou o pH do sêmen. O diluente C foi considerado mais adequado para uso imediato na inseminação artificial. O diluente não tamponado e tampado com HEPES foram considerados apropriados para o resfriamento de sêmen de equino durante 48 h a 5°C

Viability of Pony Stallion Semen in Different Temperature and Dilution

Background: Artificial insemination and transport of cooled semen has been routinely used in equine industry in the past 20 years. However, more investigations are needed regarding the methods for long time storage in pony stallion semen. The effect of dilution and cooling temperature on pH, sperm motility, membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity were investigated before and after cooling of stallion semen.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Two ejaculates each from nine Brazilian ponies were diluted in a nonbuffered powder milk extender cooled at 5°C or 15°C for 48 h using three different dilutions (1:1, 1:2 or 1:3). Data were assessed by analysis of variance and the rate comparison was performed using the Duncan test. Samples diluted 1:1 at 5oC or 15°C showed higher pH values (7.63 ± 0.34 e 7.57 ± 0.27) and lower progressive motility (10.3 ± 11.05, 17.08 ± 9.95). All samples cooled at 15°C also showed lower incidence of morphologically altered spermatozoa (1:1 = 55.84%; 1:2 = 51.84%; 1:3 = 49.95%) [P &lt; 0.01]. Mitochondrial activity was higher on the 1:3 dilution (0.86 ± 0.19 nm) at 5°C and on the 1:1 (0.89 ± 0.23 nm), 1:2 (0.93 ± 0.2 nm) and 1:3 (0.92 ± 0.2 nm) dilutions at 15°C. Progressive motility was higher when semen was diluted 1:3 and cooled at 15°C (42.22 ± 12.38; P &lt; 0.05). Considering mitochondrial activity, similar results were observed when different dilutions of semen were used (P &gt; 0.05) despite time and temperature. The pH, progressive motility, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity remained similar (P &gt; 0.05) on fresh semen samples independent of the dilution grade used. The best results were obtained when semen was diluted 1:3 and cooled at 15°C. All dilution grades were safe for fresh semen and pH wasincreased when semen was diluted and cooled for 48 h.Discussion: The methodology used to collect and process equine semen and semen from ponies is practically the same. Equine semen when sent for artificial insemination is usually cooled to 5°C. Our results showed that cooling reduces sperm viability, which has also been demonstrated by other studies. In contrast, the best cooling temperature was at 15°C. However, it is easier to keep the temperature at 5°C during transport, due to the large temperature oscillation that may occur during transportation. The semen of ponies can tolerate cooling at both 5 and 15°C. The 1:3 dilution cooled to 15°C provided better viability of pony sperm, and more stable pH during 48 h of cooling. Dilution 1:1 should not be used for cooling in powdered skim milk extender

Seminal Plasma: Effect on Motility, Membrane Functionality, and Spermatic Chromatin Dispersion of Equine Sperm Treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine at 5°C

Background: N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a low molecular weight thiol studied as an antioxidant for stallion semen preservation without changes on sperm viability. Equine seminal plasma is rich in sulfur proteins (cysteine residues) named CRISPS, which, when combined with sulfur-containing antioxidants, can enhance the appearance of DNA lesions. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effect of different concentrations of NAC by evaluating motility, membrane function and sperm chromatin integrity of equine semen cooled at 5°C in 50% of seminal plasma.Materials, Methods & Results: Nine ejaculates from 9 stallions were divided into 4 aliquots, diluted and divided in nonsupplemented skim milk group (0.0 mM), or supplemented with 5.0, 2.5 and 0.5 mM NAC. Evaluations were made at 0 h, 24 h and 48 h of cooling, except for motility which was evaluated only up to 24 h. The 0.5 (59.7 μM2) and 5.0 mM NAC (55.5 μM2) groups showed similar areas of sperm chromatin dispersion among all groups. However, the area of chromatin dispersion between the non-supplemented group was higher = 65.3 μM2 than the group supplemented with 2.5 mM. The percentage of cells with a functional plasma membrane was similar between supplemented and non-supplemented (0.0 mM) groups, but higher (P < 0.05) in the 0.5 mM NAC (39.7 and 39.8%, respectively) than that of 2.5 mM (34.5%) and 5.0 mM (34.2%) concentrations. Progressive motility was similar among all groups supplemented with NAC. The 0.5 mM NAC group showed 35.2% motile cells while the non-supplemented group exhibited 36.2%. Although 50% seminal plasma was used, NAC did not affect sperm chromatin integrity.Discussion: Seminal plasma interfered more in the results of different concentrations of NAC. This statement is proven by the motility analysis where all NAC concentrations showed similar results. Plasma percentage higher than 20% in diluted semen causes deleterious effects on sperm, such as decreased motility and fertilizing capacity. The membrane analysis in our study was compromised because NAC (2.5 to 5.0 mM) showed high osmolarity. As this was not adjusted, it affected the result. The 2.5 mM NAC group showed a lower area of sperm chromatin dispersion than none-treated sperm, although showing similar results to the other treatments. In a study with semen of Mangalarga Marchador stallions, the 2.5 mM of NAC was able to protect sperm membrane integrity. However, in another study, where semen was kept cooled between 5 and 15°C, no change was observed on sperm quality over different concentrations of NAC. This reinforces that 2.5 mM of NAC provides adequate protection to semen exposed to harmful conditions.The high percentage of plasma associated with this sulfur antioxidant did not compromise DNA integrity, as NAC concentration used was 100 times less than the concentration needed to induce DNA lesions