W{\cal W} algebras are L∞_\infty algebras

It is shown that the closure of the infinitesimal symmetry transformations underlying classical ${\cal W}$ algebras give rise to L$_\infty$ algebras with in general field dependent gauge parameters. Therefore, the class of well understood ${\cal W}$ algebras provides highly non-trivial examples of such strong homotopy Lie-algebras. We develop the general formalism for this correspondence and apply it explicitly to the classical ${\cal W}_3$ algebra.Comment: 15 pages; v2: typos corrected, minor change

Las anotaciones electrónicas en cuenta y el derecho del comercio electrónico en Costa Rica

El Derecho costarricense establece un sistema de desincorporación de valores bursátiles por medios electrónicos, en el que se inmoviliza o reemplaza el soporte material por uno informático, ya sea en la fase de circulación o en la fase constitutiva del valor. Se modifica así el perfil estructural del valor negociable (que deja de ser un título), sin alterarse por ello su perfil funcional. En el sistema de desmaterialización y compensación de valores mobiliarios de la Ley Reguladora del Mercado de Valores costarricense -inspirado en la Ley del Mercado de Valores española- convergen los elementos subjetivos y objetivos del Derecho del comercio electrónico. Se trata de un registro contable electrónico que es administrado por terceras partes de confianza (Trusted Third Parties), quienes tienen la doble función de sustituir el soporte documental por el electrónico y, además, de brindar seguridad en el tráfico jurídico. Las normas sobre la constitución, la negociación, la prueba y el ejercicio de los derechos representados mediante anotaciones electrónicas en cuenta están informadas por los principios de equivalencia funcional, inalterabilidad del derecho preexistente de obligaciones y contratos, buena fe y, en menor grado, por las reglas de la neutralidad tecnológica y la libertad de pacto, propios del Derecho de la contratación electrónic

Tracing Spasmodic Dysphonia: the source of Ludwig Traube’s priority

Objectives: Since the mid-20th century, one citation is given historical priority as the first description of Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD): Ludwig Traube’s 1871 case of the “spastic form of nervous hoarseness”. Our objective is to understand how this case serves as the foundation of understanding laryngeal movement disorders. Methods: The original German paper was located and translated. Bibliographical and bibliometric methods are used to determine the citation history of this original source over the past 140 years. Results: Although secondary citations in contemporary publications typically credit Traube for establishing the clinical entity SD, his case does not conform to currently accepted diagnostic features. Citation patterns indicate the source of Traube’s priority is publications by Arnold and Luchsinger, mid-20th century ENT clinician, particularly their influential 1965 textbook used to train US and UK clinicians on voice disorders for several generations. Conclusions: Sometimes secondary citations in medical literature lead to the inadvertent perpetuation of factual misrepresentation. The clinical picture of Traube’s original case does not represent what clinicians would recognize as SD today. The rich 19th century literature on voice disorders is a valuable resource for present day clinicians

Foregut microbiome in development of esophageal adenocarcinoma

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), the type of cancer linked to heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD), has increased six fold in the past 30 years. This cannot currently be explained by the usual environmental or by host genetic factors. EA is the end result of a sequence of GERD-related diseases, preceded by reflux esophagitis (RE) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Preliminary studies by Pei and colleagues at NYU on elderly male veterans identified two types of microbiotas in the esophagus. Patients who carry the type II microbiota are >15 fold likely to have esophagitis and BE than those harboring the type I microbiota. In a small scale study, we also found that 3 of 3 cases of EA harbored the type II biota. The findings have opened a new approach to understanding the recent surge in the incidence of EA. 

Our long-term goal is to identify the cause of GERD sequence. The hypothesis to be tested is that changes in the foregut microbiome are associated with EA and its precursors, RE and BE in GERD sequence. We will conduct a case control study to demonstrate the microbiome disease association in every stage of GERD sequence, as well as analyze the trend in changes in the microbiome along disease progression toward EA, by two specific aims. Aim 1 is to conduct a comprehensive population survey of the foregut microbiome and demonstrate its association with GERD sequence. Furthermore, spatial relationship between the esophageal microbiota and upstream (mouth) and downstream (stomach) foregut microbiotas as well as temporal stability of the microbiome-disease association will also be examined. Aim 2 is to define the distal esophageal metagenome and demonstrate its association with GERD sequence. Detailed analyses will include pathway-disease and gene-disease associations. Archaea, fungi and viruses, if identified, also will be correlated with the diseases. A significant association between the foregut microbiome and GERD sequence, if demonstrated, will be the first step for eventually testing whether an abnormal microbiome is required for the development of the sequence of phenotypic changes toward EA. If EA and its precursors represent a microecological disease, treating the cause of GERD might become possible, for example, by normalizing the microbiota through use of antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics. Causative therapy of GERD could prevent its progression and reverse the current trend of increasing incidence of EA

Mechanisms, Potential Therapies, and the Role of TGF-β in the Formation of Scars

Scarring is the inevitable outcome of wound healing. This review looks at some of the underlying mechanisms of this complex process with the aim of identifying targets for therapeutic manipulation that could result in reduced scarring or even scarless wound repair. Fetal wounds are shown to heal without scars primarily due to low levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 and high levels of TGF-β3 as compared to adult wounds which heal with scars. Abnormal excessive scarring in keloid and hypertrophic scars are also attributed to TGF-β. Clinical manipulation of TGF-β ratios showed promise as a therapeutic means of controlling scar formation. The effect of the COX enzyme and PGE2 levels remains controversial and more research is needed to understand the exact roles these molecules play in the wound healing process before they can be exploited in a clinical settin

Cardy Algebras, Sewing Constraints and String-Nets

In \cite{Schweigert:2019zwt} it was shown how string-net spaces for the Cardy bulk algebra in the Drinfeld center $\mathsf{Z}(\mathsf{C})$ of a modular tensor category $\mathsf{C}$ give rise to a consistent set of correlators. We extend their results to include open-closed world sheets and allow for more general field algebras, which come in the form of $(\mathsf{C}|\mathsf{Z}(\mathsf{C}))$-Cardy algebras. To be more precise, we show that a set of fundamental string-nets with input data from a $(\mathsf{C}|\mathsf{Z}(\mathsf{C}))$-Cardy algebra gives rise to a solution of the sewing constraints formulated in \cite{Kong_2014} and that any set of fundamental string-nets solving the sewing constraints determine a $(\mathsf{C}|\mathsf{Z}(\mathsf{C}))$-Cardy algebra up to isomorphism. Hence we give an alternative proof of the results in \cite{Kong_2014} in terms of string-nets.Comment: 36 pages, lots of figures, v3: minor change