23 research outputs found

    Possible alternative for national supply of seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from in vitro culture at the Agro-physio-genetic and Plants Biotechnology laboratory of IPR / IFRA of Katibougou, Mali

    Get PDF
    The enhancement of the potential for reducing food insecurity and poverty through potato cultivation in Mali is largely limited by difficult access to quality seed. In trying to find ways to reduce these shortcomings outlined above that work has been done. The objective of this work was to assess the economic profitability of the local potato seed sourcing scheme from in vitro propagation and to analyze the competitiveness of the sourcing scheme from imported elite seed. The technical and economic feasibility of the local potato seed supply scheme was assessed at five levels. The first concerns the production of vitro-plants in the laboratory, the second the production of mini zero generation tubers (G0). Regarding the other three levels of evaluation, they were carried out in collaboration with the seed cooperatives by successive multiplication from mini-tubers to obtain seeds of one “G1”, two “G2” and three “G3” generations". The profitability of the procurement scheme from the elite imported and multiplied once seed was evaluated in order to analyze its competitiveness in relation to the local circuit. The valuation indicates positive profit margins. However, it should be noted that the economic efficiency coefficients of vitro-propagation (0.77) and tunnel multiplication (0.75) are less than 1. The production cost of one kilogram of G3 is equal to at 463.39 F CFA. A profit margin of 456.61 F CFA / kg emerges between this unit production cost and the selling price of imported seeds, which amounts on average to 920 F CFA / kg. The production of plants is technically feasible and profitable with a cost price of one kg of G3 in the order of 500 to 600 F CFA against 900 to 1000 F CFA / kg for imported seed. La valorisation du potentiel de rĂ©duction de l’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et de la pauvretĂ© Ă  travers la culture de la pomme de terre au Mali est limitĂ©e en grande partie par l’accĂšs difficile Ă  la semence de qualitĂ©. En essayant de trouver des moyens pour rĂ©duire ces insuffisances soulignĂ©es ci-dessus que ce travail a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©. Le prĂ©sent travail avait pour objectif d’évaluer la rentabilitĂ© Ă©conomique du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement locale en semences de pomme de terre Ă  partir de la vitro propagation et d’analyser la compĂ©titivitĂ© du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement Ă  partir de la semence Ă©lite importĂ©es. La faisabilitĂ© technico-Ă©conomique du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement local en semences de pomme de terre Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  cinq niveaux. Le premier concerne la production de vitro-plants au laboratoire, le deuxiĂšme la production de mini tubercules de gĂ©nĂ©ration zĂ©ro (G0). Pour ce qui concerne les trois autres niveaux d’évaluation, ils ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s en collaboration avec les coopĂ©ratives semenciĂšres par multiplications successives Ă  partir de mini-tubercules pour obtenir des semences de gĂ©nĂ©ration une «G1», deux «G2» et trois «G3». La rentabilitĂ©, du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement Ă  partir de la semence Ă©lite importĂ©e et multipliĂ©e une fois, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e en vue d’analyser sa compĂ©titivitĂ© en rapport avec le circuit local. L’évaluation indique des marges bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires positives. Cependant, il faut remarquer que les coefficients d’efficacitĂ© Ă©conomiques de la vitro-propagation (0,77) et de la multiplication sous tunnels (0,75) sont infĂ©rieurs Ă  1. Le coĂ»t de production d’un kilogramme de G3 est Ă©gal Ă  463,39 F CFA. Une marge bĂ©nĂ©ficiaire de 456,61 F CFA / kg se dĂ©gage entre ce coĂ»t de production unitaire et le prix de vente des semences importĂ©es qui s’élĂšve en moyenne Ă  920 F CFA / kg. La production de plants est techniquement faisable et rentable avec un coĂ»t de revient d’un kg de G3 de l’ordre de 500 Ă  600 F CFA contre 900 Ă  1 000 F CFA / kg pour la semence importĂ©e

    Etude de l’effet de la date de semis et de l’age des plantules au repiquage sur le rendement de trois varietes de riz adoptees dans les perimetres irrigues villageois des regions de Tombouctou et de Gao

    Get PDF
    Les pĂ©rimĂštres irriguĂ©s villageois (PIV) sont utilisĂ©s pour attĂ©nuer les effets nĂ©fastes des changements climatiques. Les variĂ©tĂ©s cultivĂ©es dans les PIV sont d’origine asiatique et souffrent des conditions agro climatiques des rĂ©gions nord du Mali. Les expĂ©rimentations ont Ă©tĂ© conduites en milieu paysan dans les PIV de Tombouctou et de Gao afin de sĂ©lectionner des variĂ©tĂ©s ayant les caractĂ©ristiques dĂ©sirables des producteurs. Sept paysans ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s par site pour la conduite des tests. Trois variĂ©tĂ©s de riz WARDA Sahel (WAS) et la variĂ©tĂ© Nionoka (tĂ©moin) ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es. Le dispositif expĂ©rimental utilisĂ© Ă©tait le factoriel en blocs dispersĂ©s avec comme facteur principal variĂ©tĂ©s et facteurs secondaires date de semis et l’ñge des plantules au repiquage. La collecte des donnĂ©es a portĂ© sur la variable rendement. Le logiciel GENSTAT version 4.0 a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour l’analyse des donnĂ©es. Le test de Student-Newman-Keuls au seuil de 5% a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour la sĂ©paration des moyennes Ă  l’aide du logiciel SPSS version 17.0. Sur l’ensemble des sites, la variĂ©tĂ© SUTURA a enregistrĂ© le bon rendement. La pĂ©riode propice de semis des pĂ©piniĂšres des trois variĂ©tĂ©s est la premiĂšre quinzaine du mois de juillet. L’ñge limite de repiquage des plantules est de 30 jours.Mots clĂ©s : PĂ©rimĂštre IrriguĂ© Villageois (PIV), VariĂ©tĂ©s de riz, Rendement, Date de semis et Age des plantules au repiquag

    Prevalence of trypanosomes, salivary gland hypertrophy virus and Wolbachia in wild populations of tsetse flies from West Africa

    Get PDF
    Background: Tsetse flies are vectors of African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause sleeping sickness (or human African trypanosomosis) in humans and nagana (or animal African trypanosomosis) in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, four symbiotic bacteria Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and one pathogen, the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been reported in different tsetse species. We evaluated the prevalence and coinfection dynamics between Wolbachia, trypanosomes, and SGHV in four tsetse species (Glossina palpalis gambiensis, G. tachinoides, G. morsitans submorsitans, and G. medicorum) that were collected between 2008 and 2015 from 46 geographical locations in West Africa, i.e. Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Guinea, and Senegal. Results: The results indicated an overall low prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia and a high prevalence of trypanosomes in the sampled wild tsetse populations. The prevalence of all three infections varied among tsetse species and sample origin. The highest trypanosome prevalence was found in Glossina tachinoides (61.1%) from Ghana and in Glossina palpalis gambiensis (43.7%) from Senegal. The trypanosome prevalence in the four species from Burkina Faso was lower, i.e. 39.6% in Glossina medicorum, 18.08%; in Glossina morsitans submorsitans, 16.8%; in Glossina tachinoides and 10.5% in Glossina palpalis gambiensis. The trypanosome prevalence in Glossina palpalis gambiensis was lowest in Mali (6.9%) and Guinea (2.2%). The prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia was very low irrespective of location or tsetse species with an average of 1.7% for SGHV and 1.0% for Wolbachia. In some cases, mixed infections with different trypanosome species were detected. The highest prevalence of coinfection was Trypanosoma vivax and other Trypanosoma species (9.5%) followed by coinfection of T. congolense with other trypanosomes (7.5%). The prevalence of coinfection of T. vivax and T. congolense was (1.0%) and no mixed infection of trypanosomes, SGHV and Wolbachia was detected. Conclusion: The results indicated a high rate of trypanosome infection in tsetse wild populations in West African countries but lower infection rate of both Wolbachia and SGHV. Double or triple mixed trypanosome infections were found. In addition, mixed trypanosome and SGHV infections existed however no mixed infections of trypanosome and/or SGHV with Wolbachia were found

    The spatial distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mali

    Get PDF
    Variations in the biology and ecology and the high level of genetic polymorphism of malaria vectors in Africa highlight the value of mapping their spatial distribution to enhance successful implementation of integrated vector management. The objective of this study was to collate data on the relative frequencies of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis mosquitoes in Mali, to assess their association with climate and environmental covariates, and to produce maps of their spatial distribution. Bayesian geostatistical logistic regression models were fitted to identify environmental determinants of the relative frequencies of An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis species and to produce smooth maps of their geographical distribution. The frequency of An. arabiensis was positively associated with the normalized difference vegetation index, the soil water storage index, the maximum temperature and the distance to water bodies. It was negatively associated with the minimum temperature and rainfall. The predicted map suggests that, in West Africa, An. arabiensis is concentrated in the drier savannah areas, while An. gambiae s.s. prefers the southern savannah and land along the rivers, particularly the inner delta of Niger. Because the insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) gene is reported only in An. gambiae s.s. in Mali, the maps provide valuable information for vector control. They may also be useful for planning future implementation of malaria control by genetically manipulated mosquitoes

    Innovation processes navigated by women groups in the Malian shea sector: How targeting of international niche markets results in fragmentation and obstructs coordination

    Get PDF
    The incorporation of women and their associations into international markets and value chains is proposed increasingly as a development pathway in Sub-Saharan Africa. The underlying assumption is that exclusion of individual women from groups specialized in supplying a single international niche market is the main obstacle to their development. Intervention under this assumption focuses on linking women groups to international business and development organizations (NGOs). To validate this pre-analytical choice, we conducted a case study of a community-level co-operative of women in Mali (COPROKAZAN, Zantiébougou) that collects shea kernels from producers and processes them into butter and then trades the shea butter for the export market. The choices made in this co-operative are exemplary for other women Malian co-operatives involved in the production of shea butter. The strategic direction taken by the co-operative results from developmental interventions that encourage exclusive reliance on the links between the women co-operatives and niche markets in the international cosmetics industry. The case study shifted attention to the capacity of the women co-operatives to link their handling of fluctuations in supply to opportunities in a range of markets. We found that this in turn also opened new opportunities to a growing number of non-members. We then applied concepts drawn from the research literature on shea in West Africa, market fragmentation, competition, and path dependency to reframe our research focus, to examine how the co-operative in fact navigated this more complex development pathway through co-ordination at group and sector level. The study concludes that a focus on the provision and use of working capital, a strategic priority identified within the studied co-operative, opens new perspectives on what types of institutional arrangements enable the inclusion of a larger number of women in the sourcing of kernels

    Interactions plantes microorganismes = Interactions between plants and microorganisms

    No full text
    #Sesbania pubescens est une légumineuse annuelle voisine de #Sesbania rostrata qui se rencontre généralement sur les sols temporairement inondés de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Des sites de nodulation préformes ont été mis en évidence sur sa tige et ses branches. Ces sites prennent naissance à l'aisselle des cotylédons et des feuilles. Comme chez la plupart des légumineuses à nodules de tige, les sites de nodulation caulinaire de #S. pubescens se développent en racines lorsque les tiges sont immergées dans l'eau. L'étude anatomique des sites de nodulation caulinaire de #S. pubescens a montré qu'ils sont constitués d'une ébauche racinaire qui émerge des cellules corticales. Contrairement à l'espÚce #S. rostrata dont le site comporte une ébauche racinaire qui perce l'épiderme de la tige, l'ébauche racinaire du site de #S. pubescens est protégée par une assise de cellules épidermiques. Comme chez #Neptunia oleracea, l'infection expérimentale a montré que l'immersion des tiges est une condition préalable à l'induction des nodules caulinaires chez #S. pubescens ; ces nodules se forment tout au long des tiges à l'aisselle des racines adventives dont la croissance a été stimulée par l'immersion des sites. (Résumé d'auteur

    Attraction of \u3ci\u3eStomoxys\u3c/i\u3e sp. to various fruits and flowers in Mali

    Get PDF
    The attraction of three Stomoxys species to 26 fruits and 26 flowers of different plant species was investigated in two different sites in Mali during 2008. Stomoxys niger bilineatus Grunberg (Diptera: Muscidae) was attracted to a wider spectrum of species, significantly attracted by four fruits and eight flowers compared with control traps, whereas S. sitiens Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae) was attracted to six fruits and seven flowers of different plants, and S. calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) was only attracted to one fruit and three flowers. Cold anthrone assays showed a significantly higher prevalence of sugar feeding amongst all three species at the lagoon site than at the site near Mopti. The rhythm of activity study shows temporally separated blood- and sugar-feeding periods for S. niger bilineatus and S. sitiens, but not for S. calcitrans. A comparison between blood and sugar feeding throughout the day shows that sugar feeding activity is as frequent as blood feeding activity. Because not much is known about the preferred sugar sources for Stomoxys species in their natural habitats, the present study provides valuable information regarding the attraction capability of several plants with possible future implication for Stomoxys control strategies

    Interactions plantes microorganismes = Interactions between plants and microorganisms

    No full text
    Une étude comparative de la nodulation et de la croissance a été effectuée chez trois phénotypes de #Sesbania rostrata Brem : le phénotype sauvage, le mutant "S.S.", sans sites de nodulation apparents sur la tige et le mutant "I.P.", insensible à la photopériode, tous deux obtenus au laboratoire de Microbiologie des sols de l'ORSTOM-Dakar. Par ailleurs, la culture in vitro de fragments de cotylédons de #S. rostrata a été réalisée sur milieu de Murashige et Skoog additionné de divers sucres (saccharose, glucose, lactose et fructose) et régulateurs de croissance (ANA, BAP, Zéatine et Kinétine). Elle a conduit à l'obtention de bourgeons par caulogenÚse adventive directe. Le taux de régénération obtenu permet d'envisager l'utilisation de cette voie d'organogenÚse dans un programme de transformation génétique par #Agrobacterium tumefaciens$ pour, notamment, l'étude de l'expression de gÚnes impliqués dans la nodulation caulinaire. (Résumé d'auteur
    corecore