132 research outputs found
Efficacy of Artesunate + Sulfamethoxypyrazine/Pyrimethamine versus Praziquantel in the Treatment of Schistosoma haematobium in Children
BACKGROUND:This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the antimalarial artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) artesunate +sulfamethoxypyrazine/pyrimethamine (As+SMP), administered in doses used for malaria, to treat Schistosoma haematobium in school aged children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:The study was conducted in Djalakorodji, a peri-urban area of Bamako, Mali, using a double blind setup in which As+SMP was compared with praziquantel (PZQ). Urine samples were examined for Schistosoma haematobium on days -1, 0, 28 and 29. Detection of haematuria, and haematological and biochemical exams were conducted on day 0 and day 28. Clinical exams were performed on days 0, 1, 2, and 28. A total of 800 children were included in the trial. The cure rate obtained without viability testing was 43.9% in the As+SMP group versus 53% in the PZQ group (Chi(2) = 6.44, p = 0.011). Egg reduction rates were 95.6% with PZQ in comparison with 92.8% with As+SMP, p = 0.096. The proportion of participants who experienced adverse events related to the medication was 0.5% (2/400) in As+SMP treated children compared to 2.3% (9/399) in the PZQ group (p = 0.033). Abdominal pain and vomiting were the most frequent adverse events in both treatment arms. All adverse events were categorized as mild. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The study demonstrates that PZQ was more effective than As+SMP for treating Schistosoma haematobium. However, the safety and tolerability profile of As+SMP was similar to that seen with PZQ. Our findings suggest that further investigations seem justifiable to determine the dose/efficacy/safety pattern of As+SMP in the treatment of Schistosoma infections. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00510159
Reproductive Behavior of Female Dromedaries under Sahelian and Sub-humid Conditions in Mali
Citation correct de ce document / Correct citation of this document: Ouologuem, B. et al. (2020). Comportement reproductif des dromadaires femelles dans les conditions d’élevage sahélien et subhumide du Mali. In: N'Diaye, I. et al. (eds.) Adaptation de l'Agriculture et de l'Élevage au Changement Climatique au Mali: Résultats et leçons apprises au Sahel. Bamako, Mali: Institut d'Economie Rurale. pp. 351-360.Le livre complet est accessible sur le site internet suivant / The complete book can be accessed from the following link https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2687372Résumé: En 2013, un troupeau de dromadaires a été introduit dans le ranch de la Station de Recherche Agronomique de Niono, situé en zone sahélienne et un autre dans la Station de Recherche Agronomique de Sotuba, sise en zone subhumide du Mali. L’objectif de cette introduction a été d’évaluer la capacité d’adaptation de cette espèce en zones sahélienne Sud et subhumide. Les femelles ont fait l’objet de suivi de la reproduction. Les données collectées ont porté sur la conception, la durée de la gestation, les avortements, la durée de l’intervalle entre la mise-bas (post-partum) et la saillie fécondante et le poids à la naissance des chamelons. Entre février 2013 et juin 2016, 15 des 17 femelles ont été saillies à Niono soit 88 % et 11 des 12 femelles à Sotuba soit 92 %. Le taux de misebas a été de 64 % à Niono et 91 % à Sotuba. La durée de la gestation a été en moyenne 366 ± 11,9 jours. Il n’a pas été constaté de différence statistiquement significative entre les deux sites (369 ± 20,1 jours à Sotuba et 362 ± 13,1 jours à Niono). L’intervalle entre mise-bas - saillie a été de 100,4 ± 27,8 jours à Sotuba et 234,5 ± 50,1 jours à Niono. Le sexe du chamelon n’a pas eu d’effet statistiquement significatif sur la durée de la gestation (P = 0,233). Le poids moyen des chamelons à la naissance a été de 29,1 ± 1,3 kg. Il n’a pas été observé de différence significative ni entre les sites (29,8 ± 2,1 kg à Sotuba et 28,3 ± 0,9 kg à Niono) et ni entre les mâles (30,2 ±1,9 kg) et les femelles (27,7 ± 0,6 kg). Ces résultats préliminaires permettraient d’affirmer que les dromadaires s’adaptent aux conditions du Sud-sahélien et subhumide. Ils permettent d’envisager l’introduction du dromadaire dans ces zones pour une exploitation plus rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Toutefois, des investigations de plus longues durées sont encore nécessaires pour la création de fermes de production.Abstract: In 2013, a herd of dromedaries was introduced in the ranch of the Agronomic Research Station of Niono, located in the Sahelian zone of Mali and another one in the Agricultural Research Station of Sotuba, located in the sub-humid zone. The objective of this introduction was to assess the adaptability of this species to the conditions in the Southern Sahel and sub-humid zones. The reproductive behavior of females dromedaries was monitored. The data collected included conception, the duration of gestation, abortion cases, the duration of the interval between farrowing (postpartum) and fertilizing mating, and birth weight of young dromedaries. Between February 2013 and June 2016, 15 of out the 17 female dromedaries were mated in Niono (88%) and 11 out of the 12 ones in Sotuba (92%). The farrowing rate was 64% in Niono and 91% in Sotuba. The average duration of gestation was 366 ± 11.9 days. There was no statistically significant difference between the two sites (369 ± 20.1 days in Sotuba and 362 ± 13.1 days in Niono). The interval between parturitions and farrowing was 100.4 ± 27.8 days in Sotuba and 234.5 ± 50.1 days in Niono. Sex of the young dromedary did not have any statistically significant impact on the duration of gestation (P = 0.233). The average birth weight of the young dromedary was 29.1 ± 1.3 kg. There was no significant difference between sites (29.8 ± 2.1 kg in Sotuba and 28.3 ± 0.9 kg in Niono) nor between males (30.2 ± 1.9 kg) and females (27.7 ± 0.6 kg). These preliminary results show that dromedaries are adapting themselves to South-Sahelian and sub-humid conditions. This allows considering the introduction of dromedaries in these zones for a more rational exploitation of natural resources. However, longer investigations are still needed as for the creation of production farms
Brown midrib 6 and 12 Genes introgression in two nigerien and one malian sorghum varieties: A practical guide to young scientists with limited molecular facility
Introgression of bmr genes from less adapted donor parent to well adapted high yielding biomass varieties with poor nutritional value is very important for sustainable cattle feeding during pasture scare time in the Sahel. The main objective of this work was to introgress bmr6 and bmr12 genes in Nigerien and Malian sorghum varieties background for dual purpose grain and biomass potential. The plant material was composed of two improved sorghum varieties (Sepon82 and Kalla Kene) and El mota a farmer preferred variety as recurrent parents. bmr donor parents were redlan bmr6, Tx630 bmr12 and Wheatland bmr12. The hand emasculation technique was used to introgress bmr genes in recurrent parents to produce F3 and BC1F3 populations at Sotuba research Station in Mali from January 2016 to June 2017. Anthocyanin pigment and heterosis effects were key phenotypic traits to identify F1 and BC1F1 plants during the population development. Anthocyanin allowed the identification of F1 plants in a cross involving anthocyanin (purple plant) and tan plants, while for both tan plants cross, heterosis effect was major key to discriminate F1 from parental lines and bmr segregation in F2 to ascertain successful crosses. The χ2 test was used to analyze bmr segregation ration. Segregation ratios of bmr plants in F2 and BC1F2 showed a good fit of a single recessive gene (3:1). bmr 6 and 12 genes were successfully transferred to three recurrent parents varieties which are at F4 and BC1F3 generation for grain and biomass yields potential tests in Niger during the 2017 cropping season
Analysis of the potential for sustainable, cassava-based bioethanol production in Mali:Feasibility of renewable energy resources in Mali
Cancer de la prostate au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristidie Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidemiologiques sur les cinq dernières années: Prostate cancer in Aristide Le Dantec hospital of Dakar: epidemiological aspects over the last five years
Context and objective. Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer during the last five years in Aristide Le Decantec hospital of Dakar. Methods. it’s a retrospective and descriptive study involving 5 last years including all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer. The studied parameters were: prevalence, incidence, age, clinical stage, lethality and death rate. Results. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled. The prevalence of prostate cancer during the study period was 0.8%. Depending on the stage, metastatic cancer was the most common form with 45.9% of cases. The new cases were 199 with an average of 39.8 per year. The total incidence of prostate cancer over the study period was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients at the diagnosis time was 68.6 ± 9.2 years. The lethality was 0.5%. The global death rate was 0.9 ‰. The specific death rate was 0.9‰. The annual mortality rate was higher in 2017 (36.4%) compared to other years. Depending on the stage, the death rate was higher in metastatic stages patients. Conclusion. The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in our medical center. Metastatic forms remain more common with higher death rate. Early detection campaigns for prostate cancer should be considered.
Contexte et objectif. Le cancer de la prostate représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique et mais il reste très peu documenté en Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques du cancer de la prostate sur les 5 dernières années dans notre centre. Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude documentaire et descriptive sur 5 ans ayant colligé les dossiers de tous les patients avec cancer de la prostate histologiquement confirmé. Les paramètres étudiés étaient : la prévalence, l’incidence, l’âge, le stade clinique, la létalité et la mortalité. Résultats. Deux cent trente-trois patients ont été retenus. La prévalence du cancer de la prostate durant la période étudiée était de 0,8%. En fonction du stade, le stade de cancer métastatique était prépondérant (45,9%). Les nouveaux cas étaient de 199, soit une moyenne de 39,8 nouveaux cas par an. L’incidence totale du cancer de la prostate sur la période étudiée était de 0,7%. L’âge moyen des patients au moment du diagnostic était de 68,6 ± 9,2 ans. Le taux létalité était de 0,5%. La mortalité globale était de 0,9‰. Le taux de mortalité annuelle était plus important en 2017 (36,4%) en comparaison aux autres années étudiées. En fonction du stade, le taux de mortalité était plus important pour les stades métastatiques. Conclusion. L’incidence du cancer de la prostate est en augmentation dans notre centre. Les formes métastatiques restent prédominantes assombrissant le pronostic vital. Des campagnes de dépistage précoce du cancer de la prostate sont à envisager
Recent advances in cowpea IPM in West Africa
Cowpea is an important and climate-resilient grain legume for human and livestock nutrition worldwide. Its grains represent a valuable source of protein for rural families in Sub-Saharan Africa while its haulms offer nutritious fodder for livestock, especially, in the Sahel regions. Cowpea production, unfortunately, faces substantial challenges of field and storage insect pests which can cause up to 100% losses. The use of synthetic pesticides, although providing farmers with a good level of pest control, has underscored the critical need for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) alternatives, due to their detrimental effects on humans, animals and the environment. This review examines recent advances in West Africa in cowpea IPM approaches, highlighting research on host plant resistance, biological control, biopesticides, good cultural practices, and on-farm participatory research and training undertaken to support sustainable cowpea production. Numerous IPM options have been developed, tested and validated for combating cowpea insect problems in West Africa by research institutions and disseminated through farmer field schools (FFS), field demonstrations, training sessions, and community-based education. Reviewing these environmentally safer and scalable IPM innovations will provide cowpea stakeholders with insights into workable, sustainable solutions for minimizing crop pest problems, reducing reliance on harmful pesticides and ultimately ensuring the long-term viability of cowpea production and its contribution to food security
Discrepant Prevalence and Incidence of Leishmania Infection between Two Neighboring Villages in Central Mali Based on Leishmanin Skin Test Surveys
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sand fly. Leishmaniasis is present in more than 88 countries and affects more than 12 million people. Depending on the species of Leishmania, the host can develop cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which is characterized by skin ulcers in uncovered parts of the body or a more severe form, visceral leishmaniasis, which affects the liver and spleen and is fatal if not treated. This study aims to establish the past and present infection with Leishmania parasites in two villages where recent cases have been diagnosed by the dermatology center (CNAM) in Bamako. This was achieved using a Leishmania-specific skin test that was administered annually to permanent residents of Kemena and Sougoula villages from 2006 to 2008. The results show that transmission of Leishmania is active and stable in these two villages. Moreover, despite sharing similar cultural and environmental features, the individuals from Kemena presented three times the risk of Leishmania infection compared with those from Sougoula. Our findings raise awareness of the continued presence of CL in Mali
The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine: a mathematical modelling study
Background The R21/Matrix-M vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Using trial data, we aimed to estimate the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction across sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods We fitted a semi-mechanistic model of the relationship between anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres and vaccine efficacy to data from 3 years of follow-up in the phase 2b trial of R21/Matrix-M in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. We validated the model by comparing predicted vaccine efficacy to that observed over 12–18 months in the phase 3 trial. Integrating this framework within a mathematical transmission model, we estimated the cases, malaria deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted and cost-effectiveness over a 15-year time horizon across a range of transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Cost-effectiveness was estimated incorporating the cost of vaccine introduction (dose, consumables, and delivery) relative to existing interventions at baseline. We report estimates at a median of 20% parasite prevalence in children aged 2–10 years (PfPR2–10) and ranges from 3% to 65% PfPR2–10.
Findings Anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres were found to satisfy the criteria for a surrogate of protection for vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria. Age-based implementation of a four-dose regimen of R21/Matrix-M vaccine was estimated to avert 181 825 (range 38 815–333 491) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in perennial settings and 202 017 (29 868–405 702) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in seasonal settings. Similar estimates were obtained for seasonal or hybrid implementation. Under an assumed vaccine dose price of USD 3, the incremental cost per clinical case averted was USD 7 (range 4–48) in perennial settings and USD 6 (3–63) in seasonal settings and the incremental cost per DALY averted was USD 34 (29–139) in perennial settings and USD 30 (22–172) in seasonal settings, with lower cost-effectiveness ratios in settings with higher PfPR2–10.
Interpretation Introduction of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine could have a substantial public health benefit across sub-Saharan Africa.
Funding The Wellcome Trust, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Medical Research Council, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2 and 3, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the Serum Institute of India, Open Philanthropy
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