Graphic tests usage as knowledge control method for medical universities students

Стаття присвячена сучасним педагогічним підходам у ВНЗ, використання графічних тестів для навчання і контролю знань, що сприяють розвитку активних форм мислення студентів-медиків.The article is devoted to modern pedagogical approaches at the university, the usage of graphic tests for training and knowledge control, contributing to the development of active forms of thinking of medical students

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral Cholera vaccine in adults and children in a Cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India

OBJECTIVES: An effective vaccine against cholera has been used for public health purposes in Vietnam since the 1990s. This vaccine was reformulated to meet WHO requirements. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the reformulated bivalent (Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139) killed whole cell oral vaccine in a cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial SETTING: The trial was conducted in the clinical trial ward of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata, India. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were 101 healthy adults (males and non-pregnant females) aged 18–40 years and 100 healthy children (males and non-pregnant females) aged 1–17 years. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive either the bivalent killed whole cell oral cholera vaccine or placebo (killed oral Escherichia coli K12). OUTCOME MEASURES: For safety: proportion of subjects with adverse events during the duration of study participation. For immunogenicity: Proportion of subjects who had a ≥4-fold rise in serum vibriocidal antibody titers 14 days after the second dose of vaccine or placebo. RESULTS: Adverse reactions were observed with similar frequency among vaccine and placebo recipients in both age groups. Among adults 4% of vaccine and 8% of placebo recipients and among children 4% of vaccine and 2% of placebo recipients had at least one adverse event within 28 days of the first dose of the vaccine. Following immunization, 53% of adult and 80% of children vaccinees showed a ≥4 fold rise in serum V. cholerae O1 vibriocidal antibody titers. A less pronounced response to V. cholerae O139 vibriocidal antibody titers post-immunization was noted among vaccinees. CONCLUSIONS: We found the vaccine to be safe and immunogenic in a cholera-endemic area in India.Dilip Mahalanabis, Anna Lena Lopez, Dipika Sur, Jacqueline Deen, Byomkesh Manna, Suman Kanungo, Lorenz von Seidlein, Rodney Carbis, Seung Hyun Han, Seong Hye Shin, Stephen Attridge, Raman Rao, Jan Holmgren, John Clemens and Sujit K. Bhattachary

DNA replication defect in the Escherichia coli cgtA (ts) mutant arising from reduced DnaA levels

In Escherichia coli and other bacteria, the ribosome-associated CgtA GTP-binding protein plays a critical role in many basic cellular processes, including the control of DNA replication and/or segregation. However, the mechanism of this control is largely unknown. Here we report that ectopic expression of the dnaA gene partially restored both early growth in liquid medium and DNA synthesis defects of the cgtA (ts) mutant. Amounts of DnaA protein in the cgtA (ts) mutant incubated at elevated (42°C) temperature were significantly lower relative to wild-type bacteria. Both level of dnaA mRNA and transcriptional activity of the dnaA promoter- lacZ fusion were decreased in the CgtA-deficient cells. The effects of ectopic expression of dnaA were specific as analogous expression of another gene coding for a replication regulator, seqA , had no significant changes in growth and DNA synthesis in the cgtA mutant. Thus, it appears that the DNA replication defect in this mutant is a consequence of reduced DnaA levels.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45857/1/203_2006_Article_99.pd

Climbing the Tree: Structured Hierarchical Representations in Visuomotor Maps

Humans are uniquely adept at extracting structure from the world around them. It is well known that people often form hierarchical task representations during learning, even when a task does not explicitly necessitate a hierarchical representation. Still, how individuals capitalize on this structure to facilitate behavior is an open question. In the present study, we address this question by carefully examining patterns of response time switch costs in a hierarchically structured visuomotor association learning task, to adjudicate between multiple models of behavior. We find evidence that participants do appear to navigate through a hierarchical representation of stimulus-response associations as they prepare responses, rather than maintaining a non-hierarchical, flat model or being primarily affected by changes in stimulus features. These results establish the existence of hierarchical mental representations even for static visuomotor mappings, and imply that such representations are internally navigated in an orderly manner during action selection

Rapid parallel processing dynamics during hierarchical category decisions

Objects in the world are represented at multiple hierarchical levels of abstraction. For example, you can identify a four-legged creature as an animal, or a dog, or specifically as a Cocker Spaniel. While there has been extensive work examining the relationships between hierarchical category levels, it is unclear how such representations interact during categorization. That is, do individuals process category levels serially or are category levels processed in parallel during categorization? Here, we had participants learn categorization rules for four categories of novel creatures. We examined patterns of errors that participants made in a forced response task, where we manipulated the amount of time participants had to make responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Our results indicate that participants process category levels in parallel, rather than serially resolving superordinate levels before subordinate levels. Parallel processing of category levels could underpin the remarkable flexibility with which we access and deploy category information

Structured dynamics of hierarchical action selection

Extensive work has examined how individuals structure information in cognitive representations. However, the dynamics of how these structured representations are implemented in real time and how cognitive and motor processing interact during action selection have received relatively less attention. Here, we use computational modeling to closely examine the dynamics of hierarchical action selection at the scope of individual decisions. We had participants learn eight stimulus-action associations with latent hierarchical structure. They then engaged in a forced response task where we manipulated the amount of time participants had to prepare each response. We find evidence that hierarchical action selection is a top-down, serialized process but appears to occur without bottlenecks between decision-making and movement. Overall, our results highlight a close coupling between cognitive and motor processing during hierarchical action selection

ДЕРЕВ'ЯНІ КЛЕЄНІ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ ПІШОХІДНИХ МОСТІВ

A brief review on the application of wooden bridges is presented as well as wooden structures of modern pedestrian and road bridges built in recent years in the Western Europe are described. Based upon the review, the conclusions concerning the construction of similar structures in Ukraine are made.Представлен краткий обзор применения деревянных мостов, а также приведены деревянные конструкции современных пешеходных и автодорожных мостов, построенных в последнее время в странах Западной Европы. На основании представленного обзора сделаны выводы относительно строительства подобных конструкций в Украине.Представлено короткий огляд застосування дерев’яних мостів, а також наведено дерев’яні конструкції сучасних пішохідних і автодорожніх мостів, побудованих останнім часом у країнах Західної Європи. На підставі поданого огляду зроблено висновки щодо будівництва подібних конструкцій в Україні

Mucroseius Lindquisti 1962

Genus Mucroseius Lindquistı 1962 Type species: Mucroseius monochami Lindquistı 1962 ı by original designation and monotypy. Diagnosis. The genus diagnoses of Lindquist and Wu (1991) and Moraes et al. (2016) were followedı except for the mandatory presence of distal flangelike process (mucro) of the fixed chela (see discussion).Published as part of Trach, Viacheslav A., Khaustov, Alexander A. & Lindquist, Evert E., 2019, A new unique species of Mucroseius Lindquistı 1962 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Melicharidae) mites associated with sawyer beetles (Cerambycidae: Monochamus Dejeanı 1821) from the Palaearctic Region, pp. 761-778 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13) on page 764, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1606954, http://zenodo.org/record/367560