1,004 research outputs found
The classification of edges and the change in multiplicity of an eigenvalue of a real symmetric matrix resulting from the change in an edge value
We take as given a real symmetric matrix A, whose graph is a tree T, and the eigenvalues of A, with their multiplicities. Each edge of T may then be classified in one of four categories, based upon the change in multiplicity of a particular eigenvalue, when the edge is removed (i.e. the corresponding entry of A is replaced by 0). We show a necessary and suffcient condition for each possible classification of an edge. A special relationship is observed among 2-Parter edges, Parter edges and singly Parter vertices. Then, we investigate the change in multiplicity of an eigenvalue based upon a change in an edge value. We show how the multiplicity of the eigenvalue changes depending upon the status of the edge and the edge value. This work explains why, in some cases, edge values have no effect on multiplicities. We also characterize, more precisely, how multiplicity changes with the removal of two adjacent vertices
Literature Review of the Mechanisms of Inequality of Access to Educational Credentials : Primary and secondary effects of social origins and fundamental issues of educational choice models
In this paper, I review the theoretical and empirical studies on the mechanisms of inequality of access to educational credentials. In particular, I concentrate on secondary effects of social origins on educational attainments and the role of information deficits about higher education. I note the need for greater attention to the actor in educational choices for secondary effects is also discussed and consider the important role of parents who know a lot about the benefits and costs of higher education
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A Rare Case of a Symptomatic Tumor Found in the Groin Area : An Atypical Location Unexposed to the Known Causes
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin syndrome, is a rare hereditary condition characterized by a wide range of developmental abnormalities and a predisposition to neoplasms. The syndrome consists of early-onset and/or multiple BCC. Herein we report a rare NBCCS case in which the first BCC onset occurred in the groin area. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of first-onset BCC in the groin area in an NBCCS patient of any race
Analysis of prostate cancer localization toward improved diagnostic accuracy of transperineal prostate biopsy
PurposeDelineating the precise localization of prostate cancer is important in improving the diagnostic accuracy of prostate biopsy.MethodsIn Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, initial 12-core or repeat 16-core biopsies were performed using a transrectal ultrasound guided transperineal prostate biopsy method. We step-sectioned prostates from radical prostatectomy specimens at 5-mm intervals from the urethra to the urinary bladder and designated five regions: the (1) Apex, (2) Apex-Mid, (3) Mid, (4) Mid-Base, and (5) Base. We then mapped prostate cancer localization on eight zones around the urethra for each of those regions.ResultsProstate cancer was detected in 93 cases of 121 cases (76.9%) in the Apex, in 115 cases (95.0%) in the Apex-Mid, in 101 cases (83.5%) in the Mid, in 71 cases (58.7%) in the Mid-Base, and in 23 cases (19.0%) in the Base. In 99.2% of all cases, prostate cancers were detected from the Apex to Mid regions. For this reason, transperineal prostate biopsies have routinely been prioritized in the Apex, Apex-Mid, and Mid regions, while the Base region of the prostate was considered to be of lesser importance. Our analyses of prostate cancer localization revealed a higher rate of cancer in the posterior portion of the Apex, antero-medial and postero-medial portion of the Apex-Mid and antero-medial and postero-lateral portion of the Mid. The transperineal prostate biopsies in our institute performed had a sensitivity of 70.9%, a specificity of 96.6%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 92.2% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85.5%.ConclusionsThe concordance of prostate cancer between prostatectomy specimens and biopsies is comparatively favorable. According to our study, the diagnostic accuracy of transperineal prostate biopsy can be improved in our institute by including the anterior portion of the Apex-Mid and Mid regions in the 12-core biopsy or 16-core biopsy, such that a 4-core biopsy of the anterior portion is included
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Genes Encoding the T-Cell Antigen Receptor
The search for the elusive and controversial T-cell antigen receptor is over. It is now clear that gene complexes for both alpha and beta chains are distinct from those for immunoglobulin genes. They are, however, related to Ig genes as well as to other class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products. Therefore, they belong to the immunoglobulin super gene family
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